Archives-December 2013

Cadmium and Nitrogen co-doped in Tin Oxide thin films CdxN0.1-x : SnO2 with different doped molar ratio (x = 0.01,0.03 and 0.05) have been fabricated by employing Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis (USP) technique at the grown thicknesses ( 106.74, 67.46 and 71.82) nm, respectively. The structural, optical, morphological, and electrical properties of the fabricated films have been investigated . X-ray diffraction studies revealed a polycrystalline phase, predominantly, of CdxN0.1-x : SnO2 with (110) and (200) oriented films. The Hall effect measurement system depicted concentration a majority charges carriers (holes density ) and conductivity of the samples. The surface morphology have been observed of these films using Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). This paper deals with structural , optical and electrical properties of the films grown at the temperature substrate 300C.

The use of non edible oils blend in direct injection diesel engine shows its potential to reduce or control the NOx emissions. Combustion analysis of non edible and non edible blends revealed that the blends had a shorter ignition delay than diesel alone, at both full and light load, and a lower premixed burn fraction at full load. However, the diffusion burn rates were similar. The shorter ignition delay due to high cetane number of non edible oil blends has been suggested as being one of the causes of NOx increase the peak pressure and temperature increase in flame temperature in either pre mixed or diffusion burn has been followed by subsequent increase in NOx emission. This was due to reduction of carbonaceous soot concentration. The performance characteristics of an engine such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, brake power and engine torque were not much affected, up to a blend of 20% with neat diesel. The Co and particulate emissions were found to be decreasing with the % increase in blend with a subsequent increase of NOx. Thus the blending of fuel is being limited to 20% in majority of cases to obtain optimum performance and emission characteristics. This paper suggests about by using various types of non edible oils as fuel and blends directly in diesel engines by modifying properties by injecting or Trans-esterification.

Ultrasonic velocities and densities of the binary liquid mixtures of N-ethylaniline with five different organic compounds like chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, 1,2,dichlorobenzene, 1,3,dichlorobenzene and 1,2,4 trichlorobenzene have been measured at temperatures 303.15 and 308.15K.over the entire composition range. The theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity were applied in evaluating the velocities using the Nomoto's relation(UNR), Impedence relation(UIR), Ideal mixing relation(UIMR) , Jungie's relation(UJR)and Rao s specific velocity relation(UR).The molecular interaction parameter(?) has been evaluated from the values of experimental and theoretical velocities. The variation of this interaction parameter with the composition mixture has been discussed in terms of molecular interactions.

Olea capensis is one of the canopy dominants in the Kakamega forest that shows no regeneration inside the forest. Like canopy dominants in other tropical forests, adults are widely spaced and, seedlings and saplings where present are usually hundreds of metres away from the parent plants. This study examined strategies of regeneration of this important species to determine its recruitment patterns. Most seedlings/saplings occurred considerable distances from the parent trees. Experimental manipulations of seeds revealed that forest rodents and fungi accounted for over 90 per cent of seed mortality around the parent trees. Observation on dispersers revealed that ecotone birds were responsible for seed dispersal into new areas that provided a safe haven for the seeds to germinate and establish. Further examination of seed predation in these areas showed insignificant levels of predation. There was also a relationship between location of seed deposit and presence of termite mound growing trees, suggesting a coincidental interplay between feeding behaviour of the dispersers and dispersal of Olea capensis seeds. Findings of this study point to importance of understanding the biology tree species of concern for successful regeneration efforts. In particular, knowledge of seed dispersers and predators is crucial.

The ophthalmic solution with minimum concentration of preservative preparation in an appropriate packaging material appears to be most attractive approach for the process development and scale-up point of view. A simple high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of ofolaxin in eye drops formulation was presented. Benzalkonium chloride in concentrations from 0.1% to 0.0001% induced dose-dependent growth arrest and conjunctival epithelial cell death, either delayed or immediately after administration The HPLC separation was undertaken on a inertsil C18 column using a mobile phase of water for injection. Compatibility study was assessed through measurement of factors affecting column peak symmetry, calculated using peak area and peak height of chromatogram. Assay decreased from 104 % to 102.89 % in three pieces to 101.27% in BFS, and 102.24 in glass container. Chromatographic analytical data indicated the stability of parenteral preparations in containers good enough till three months.

In today's competitive environment where of human force in organizations is of special value, Empowerment process is new approach that will causes for organizational excellence. Empowerment can be defined as ideas transfer by employees about their jobs and also the training courses should be conducted to enable employees to assume the key responsibilities associated with their job. To establish a system of empowerment, individual and organizational appropriate aspects must be provided. Effectiveness of complex decisions requirement in today's turbulent business world is employees' participation and if this decision is supposed to lead to the optimum results, it needs team effort of all employees. "Empowerment" is a response to the needs of today's organizations, in the era of empowerment the pervious perception is not remedial. To achieve empowerment programs require organizational culture. In fact, empowerment is like a journey full of challenges. Desired organizational culture support the organization's mission and strategy. In the global economy, most of international organizations have the ultimate combination of Employees from America, Europe, and Asia and ... That each of them with special orientation toward life and work, work together. The main challenge of management 'success today is to assist the employees in such a way that they enjoy of more competitiveness morale in their job and have better communication with global issues and present working opportunities for their organization. In other words, the organizational culture should be such that it will create a framework through which employees could be able to form their feeling toward organizational life. Without the appropriate culture in an organization, empowerment efforts will fail. The study of organizational culture enables managers to collect information, compare sections or working groups with each other, prioritize problems and to identify employees 'perceptions and expectations. Also improve the gap between existing and desired situation. In this article, we indicate to analyze the role of organizational culture on employees' empowerment. The results shows that if the organizational culture be in direction to promote employees empowerment, people will perform their job duties with more motivation and willingness and also if the capabilities of employees be properly used There will be more possibility for creativity and initiative.

Complete overdenture treatment uses a removable complete denture that overlies retained teeth, tooth roots, or dental implants. Those teeth that would have gone for extraction can frequently be retained by improving their crown-root ratio. These teeth, because of periodontal disease, have lost about two-third of their bony support and have a very unfavourable crown-root ratio. If endodontic therapy is performed on the retained teeth followed by reduction, the crown-root ratio can be greatly improved. An overdenture can be made that is supported by both teeth and residual alveolar ridge. Such treatment provides potential benefits by reducing residual ridge resorption, improves prosthesis retention and stability, and increased patient satisfaction. The overdenture concept may be used on complete, immediate or partial dentures.

Whiteflies are very common in study areas and the experiments were conducted to study the feeding pattern of insect vector to develop control of virus transmission by understanding feeding pattern of vector. Optimum acquisition period was found to be 12 hour once the vector has acquired the virus it is able to transmit virus for as long as ten days and optimum infection feeding time is 24 hours, after which it transmit virus to other plants in intermittent manner. Even the post acquisition fasting has little effect on the efficiency of virus transmission although when post acquisition fasting was increased, decrease in efficiency of transmission is seen. Increasing the number of whiteflies per plant decrease the incubation period Virus persist in the vector for longer duration, which indicates it to be 'persistent type', virus acquisition and inoculation increases efficiency with increasing access time.

Novel surfactants based on sunflower oil and monoethanlamine were tested as inhibitors for the corrosion of steel in CO2-saturated 1% NaCl solution by Potentiodynamic polarization measurements and linear polarization resistance corrosion rate (LPR bubble test) at 50 oC. Inhibition efficiency increased with increase in the concentration of the studied compounds. Results show that the order of inhibition efficiency is II> I> III > IV >V. The adsorption of the inhibitors on the steel surface obeys Langmuir model and was physisorption.

This paper dwells on combinatorial optimization with a view to unveiling various techniques for solving problems therein. We are interested in the combination of exact techniques (ET) and metaheuristics (MH) to provide optimal solutions or mainly to generate better heuristic solutions. In doing this, we were able to give a kind of categorization of the possible combinations, their usefulness and areas of applications.