Archives-December 

Abstract Error analysis is among the interests of many language researchers. Beginning from the times when behaviorism was popular, and following the contrastive analysis studies, error analysis researches have been conducted and researchers aimed at having an insight into language development through their researches. Although language teaching approaches and methodologies have undergone some changes, error analysis still preserves its place in language teaching and likely to keep its significance in the future. This study investigated the erroneous usages of EFL writers through a controlled writing task. Participants of the study were 31 students at Düzce University, Social Work Department, Turkey. The study was conducted in the first semester of 2014-2015 academic year. Student errors that constituted the research data were grouped into 8 categories. The results of the study suggested that the majority of errors were in the conjugation of verbs with a 53.92 percent, where errors of omission, orthography, subject-verb agreement, substitution, word order, addition, and declension of nouns followed respectively. Resulting from the data obtained throughout the study, some instructional implications were provided mainly for the researchers, language teachers, curriculum designers, and coursebook authors. KEYWORDS: Error analysis, Controlled writing, Writing assessment, Error types

It is a well-known fact that solar resource or solar radiation varies spatially as well as temporally across the face of the earth. Hence, resource assessment is a preliminary step for all solar applications. In this study, a flat plate surface solar collector of dimension 2 m2, hinged on a horizontal support for quick adjustment of inclination from 0o to 80o was fabricated and marked out at 0.5o intervals on a telescopic leg graduated in degrees. Measurement of the solar radiation, varying degrees of inclination were taken between 11:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. for 7 days of each month at clear sky hours. The measurements were made for five months of the year in Tabriz, East-Azerbaijan Province, Iran. These months selected because they have maximum average solar radiation energy in Iran. At each 0.5 degree of inclination, the solar radiation intensity was replicated three times at each hour and the average value was taken. The flat plate was set truly facing south with an engineering prismatic compass. The result showed that the optimum tilt angle of a flat plate for maximum collection of solar radiation intensities in each month. This work also revealed that the average angle of inclination at which a flat plate surface solar collector will be mounted at fixed position in Tabriz is 31o approximately in studied months. The analysis indicated that when a flat surface was located at the forecasted optimum tilt angle for each of five months, solar radiation intensity was increased, when compared with solar radiation intensity harnessed by the same flat plate collector on other angles and under the same condition. Moreover this improvement impose no extra-cost. Comparison of the measured and calculated optimum values of tilt angle of a flat plate surface for trapping maximum solar radiation intensity for each of five months indicated a high correlation with R2 of 0.98 approximately.

Abstract: Dynamic assessment (henceforth, DA) is an approach to assessment which is derived from Vygotsky’s notion of zone of proximal development (ZPD). More precisely, DA is as an alternative to traditional testing which emphasizes greatly on the role of interaction. Recently, the focus of research has shifted from testing listening to teaching it through the use of dynamic assessment; therefore, the present paper aims at reviewing the implementation of dynamic assessment (DA) on listening comprehension. Reviewing the literature has shown that generally dynamic assessment has led learner’s development in listening comprehension. Moreover, the present paper concluded some valuable points. First, group dynamic assessment was conducted in most studies. Second, researchers applied mixed method in their researches. Third, interactionist kind of DA was mainly used and finally lower-intermediate and intermediate learners were the subjects of most studies

The heterogeneous catalytic activity of synthetic phosphate for conjugate addition was studied. This catalyst was prepared by calcination a mixture of fluorapatite and sodium nitrate. The conjugate addition between p-methoxychalcone and thiophenol has been used as model reaction. A central composite design was successfully employed for experimental design and analysis of the results. The combined effect of reaction time (X1), solvent volume (X2), catalyst weight (X3) and impregnation ratio (X4) on the reaction yield (Y) was studied and optimized using response surface methodology.

The FT?IR and FT?Raman spectra of benzyl fluoride were recorded and analyzed. The vibrational wavenumbers were examined theoretically with the aid of the GAUSSIAN 09 package of programs using the HF/6?311++G(d,p) and B3LYP/6?311++G(d,p) levels of theory. The data obtained from vibrational wavenumber calculations are used to assign vibrational bands obtained in IR and Raman spectroscopy of the studied molecule. The first hyperpolarizabililty, NBO, HOMO-LUMO, infrared intensities and Raman intensities are reported. The calculated first hyperpolarizability is comparable with the reported values of similar derivatives and is an attractive object for future studies of non?linear optics. The geometrical parameters of the title compound are in good agreement with the values of similar structures.

Understanding the molecular factor behind sex expression has immense importance both in basic and applied research. Determination of sex in Casuarina equisetifolia is of utmost important from the commercial forestry. Sex of plant is very important as number of female plants must be maximum. Plantation of seedlings of unknown sex leads to long term effects on yield. Hence correct identification of male and female genotypes at juvenile phase is important to maintain proper densities of female and male plants and dioecious nature also poses problem in tree breeding programmes. In many dioecious plants, gender influences economic value, breeding schemes, and/or opportunities for commercial use of genetically transformed materials.

A decent home is a basic need for every human. Owning a home has always been a great dream to everyone, it will secure one’s life and give protection to an individual and also the family. However, young people are at greatest risk when it comes to increasing house prices, interest rates with the portions of their monthly income are spending on monthly payment for the housing debt. Most of this generations are just started their working career and hardly earned a good pay. Therefore, the dream to own a decent house is only able to be realized if it is affordable to them. The term affordable simply means, the housing price will not cause excessive financial burden towards their monthly commitment. Malaysia as a developing country remain consistent about providing access to home ownership and several incentives are given to the young starters, however the responses on the incentives are mixed. As the potential house buyers across Malaysia tighten their belt more and more to meet the increasing price of the housing prices, it is about time to relook on the actual cause of the problems before it becomes a madcap to the nation’s economy.

Image is the combination of pixels. Pixel is the element which is present in the image in the dot form. In today’s era image is treated like as 3D form but at previous time image is in the form of 1D text or 2D text. In this paper we show the image compression on the images. We basically perform the compression on the biomedical images. Biomedical images are very huge in size. We select biomedical images because if we transfer any biomedical image from one place to another then we need compression methods.

The study used environmental, economic and social parameters to investigate the impact of open space conversion on neighbourhood quality in a planned residential estate in Nigeria. The study relied largely on primary survey to elicit information from 142 residents in the area using stratified random sampling approach. Data from existing literature were adopted in appropriate instances to enrich the study. Analysis of the data was carried out with use of several descriptive statistics (Relative Impact Index RII, Simple Frequencies, Percentages, Charts, etc) on Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS 17.0 version and Inferential Statistics (Multiple Regression Analysis). In addition, Contingent Appraisal Technique (WTP) was also employed in the analysis. The study showed that while increased neighbourhood noise level RII=0.758 is of the highest environmental effect, followed by increased air pollution RII=0.740, and increased neighbourhood insecurity RII=0. 706, however the residents’ WTP analysis revealed that the residents are willing to pay more for improved security WTP (RII=0.630) and sanitation WTP (RII=0.576) than any other aspects of environmental impact of open space conversion.

This research focused on the transformational leadership behaviors of lecturers in three institutions of higher learning in Nigeria and its impact on student satisfaction and retention. A questionnaire of 36 questions with Likert scale (1-5) was used as an instrument to gather data which helped to determine the student assessment of the transformational leadership behavior displayed by their lecturers and its impact on student satisfaction and retention in institutions in Nigeria. A sample size of 300 students was randomly selected for this research. Students who have been in the institution for more than one year were chosen for this research to ensure reliability of the data. In analyzing the data, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used. From the correlation analysis, it showed that transformational leadership behaviors such as intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, idealized attributes, and individual consideration were highly correlated and significant with student satisfaction and retention in those two institutions in Nigeria. However, regression analysis shows that Transformational Leadership behavior of idealized attributes, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulations, and individual consideration were significant and positively influence student satisfaction level. This research has contributed to the existing knowledge by identifying those essential attributes of a lecturer which impacts positively on students’ satisfaction and retention in institutions in Nigeria. It was recommended among others that lecturers should always improve on the four areas of transformational leadership behaviours.