Archives-December 

Onion is the second most cultivated vegetable crop and a dietary source of vitamins and flavonoids. Historically, the specie has undergone biotechnological manipulations for crop improvements due to its high amenability to cell and tissue culture. This review begins with a historical viewpoint on onion improvement using biotechnology encompassing ploidy manipulation and applications of cell and tissue culture. The past developments and new approaches for gene transfer to onion are described in this review. Genetic transformation is highly effective for adding single genes to existing elite onion clones with no, or minimal disruptions to their genetic background and represents the only effective way to produce isogenic lines of specific cultivars. This is nearly impossible via traditional breeding due to the high heterozygosity in the diploid onion genome, the genetic integrity of onion clones is lost upon sexual reproduction as a result of viable gene segregation. These genetic attributes have also provided challenges for the development of genetic maps and applications of molecular markers and genomics in onion breeding. Molecular approaches represented by a combination of different omic technologies including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics are described as well as future prospects. The resultant effects of these will facilitate the introduction of elite genes that could provide resistance to pests and diseases, and lead to generation of high quality traits.

The paper proposes Handwritten Character Recognition method using 2D view and Support Vector Machine (SVM). In this all the character images are Pre-processed (includes Normalization and Noise Removal), which are further used for feature extraction using two dimensional (2D) views. From each character four different views (Top, Bottom, Left, and Right) are obtained called as basic views. All basic views are not able to collect the complete information of character image. The hidden information is capture separately called as extra views. From each view 16 features are extracted and combined to obtain 80 features. These features are used to train SVM to separate different classes of characters. Handwritten Character database is used for training and testing of SVM classifier. Support Vector Machine provides a good recognition result for lower case characters and upper case characters are 82%.

Front line demonstrations on rain-fed direct seeded upland rice were carried out by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Simdega, Jharkhand. To demonstrate the improved technologies, frontline demonstrations were conducted in farmers fields. The objective was to show the potentiality of technologies along with package of practices analyse the constraints to provide feedback to the research system. The demonstration were conducted by selecting technologies on the basis of agro-ecosystem analysis through using PRA tools.. Intervention points were identified by consultation with farmers from problem- cause diagram. The deciding factors for selecting technologies under demonstrations were yield gap and percentage of farmers not following the recommended improved practices. Based on the finding it may be concluded that the top-down approach should be avoided and scientist- farmer interaction should be operationalised for programme formulation, implantation and assessment. This approach led to selection of right interventions for convincing the farmers in a better way about the production potentials of selected technologies. Due to selection of better technologies yield advantage was received to an extent of 58.9 %.

Today, with the growing population in megalopolis around the world, particularly in developing countries followed by increasing problems caused by unbridled urbanization process within these countries in different aspects, the need to face these new challenges of urbanization have made a need for changes in urban management practices in megalopolis, therefore participatory urban development as a new approach and an efficient planning system can decrease and gradually eliminate many of today's problems in megalopolis if it is achieved accurately and expertly with taking into account all aspects and full understanding of the views and the wishes of the inhabitants of each city. The methodology of this study is functional based on the purpose and based on the nature, is descriptive - analytical. This study used library, documental, and field studies to gather data, In order to achieve the objectives of this study, a questionnaire with closed questions using Likert spectrum with convincing reliability and validity was developed and distributed within in district one of Shiraz on the basis of random sampling and then, obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software and finally recommendations and solutions to achieve the optimal participation of the neighborhood residents. The result of this study has indicated that there is a significant relationship between the lack of proper planning and its role in the lower participation of citizens of district one of Shiraz , and also a significant relationship between the urban management practices and the degree of participatory of the neighborhood residents. It seems that it is essential for urban managers to do necessary planning to gain greater participation of local residents and also increase the degree of participatory of people in urban development programs by changing the traditional management practices.

This paper presents the development and implementation of a new and practical fuzzy switching position controller for process industry control. Compatible with the structure of a bang–bang controller, a two-input fuzzy switching position controller with five rules is proposed. The idea is based on constructing a fuzzy switching control law which is functionally analogous to a traditional bang–bang controller. Fuzzy logic rules are used to enable an improved version of the conventional bang–bang control. The objective is to replace the conventional bang–bang controller with the proposed fuzzy switching position controller. A modified three-stage bang–bang controller is also designed and implemented. This controller is tested under the same conditions as that of the proposed fuzzy switching position controller, and its performance is used as a basis of comparison by which both controllers are measured. Both controllers are developed using MATLAB using the position control of a brushless dc motor drive found in the majority of these new robotic devices. Simulation Results shows that the fuzzy switching position controller produces adequate control performance, particularly in handling nonlinearities and external disturbances. The efficacy of the fuzzy switching position controller is demonstrated by its positive results, practicality, and feasibility in the process industry sector, when compared with a modified traditional bang–bang controller.

The present study discusses the growth performance of major agricultural crops in Maharashtra state, India. Important variables like area, production and yield were compiled for the period 1992-93 to 2011-12 from various published sources. There is a marked shift from the cultivation of food grains to commercial crops. Among food grains, the yield under coarse wheat declined 1.34 per cent between 1992-93 to 2011-12. Similarly, the performance of cotton, soybean, maize and gram in terms of area, production and yield was impressive during the study period. The use of modern varieties, irrigation and fertilizers were important factors that ensured higher growth in crop production. The results of crop growth indicate that the enhanced capital formation, better irrigation facilities, normal rainfall and improved fertilizer consumption helped to improve crop output in the state.

The field of computer graphics is rapidly maturing to the point where human subjects have difficulty distinguishing photorealistic computer generated images (PRCG) from photographic images (PIM). In legal situations and in the intelligence community where photographs are used as evidence, it is crucial to understand whether the image is authentic or forged. So, it is very essential to develop the system which can distinguish between original images and computer generated images. Computer graphics many softwares are capable of generating highly photorealistic images that can be impossible to differentiate from photographic images. Therefore, classifying photographic images and photorealistic computer graphics has become an important problem for image forgery detection. So, we are providing the novel approach for this problem using Demosaicing algorithm. Demosaicing algorithm is having some special features. Missing color values are determined from a weighted linear combination of neighboring pixels. The process of demosaicing interpolates the raw image to produce at each pixel an estimate for each color channel. With proper analysis, traces of demosaicing are exhibited in the peak of an analysis signal. The presence of demosaicing indicates the image is from a digital camera rather than generated by a computer.

We have studied the formation of quantum ion acoustic shock waves (QIASWs) in a three component unmagnetized plasma, whose constituents are electrons, ions and immobile positrons.  The effects of both the dissipation due to the plasma kinematic viscosities and the dispersion caused by the Bohm potential are taken into account.  Employing reductive perturbation method, we have obtained the deformed Korteweg-deVries Burger (dKVB) equation for quantum ion acoustic shock wave in planar geometry.  From our numerical analysis, we have studied the effect of the quantum parameter H and ion kinematic viscosities (h­_i0) of the planar dKdVB on different values of the positron concentration P.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive disorder which leads to infertility in association with several disorders like oligomenorrhea, obesity, type II diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disorder. It is characterized by an increased level of androgen production and disordered gonadotropin secretion, which results in chronic anovulation. In fact, it is the leading cause of anovulatory infertility. It mostly affects the women of reproductive age. In this review, there is a detailed description about the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, etiologies and treatments.

Usually calculated by calculating the absolute poverty line, with poverty as well as the limitations due to lack of access to accurate data is how to choose the items needed for low-income groups, is confronting. On the other hand, the determination of relative poverty rather than poverty, inequality shows. This paper inequality poverty and its causes in society, with an emphasis on equality of society makes. Show the causes and consequences of poverty in our communities, especially Iran could use the attention of planners and policy makers socio - economic placed. Because the consequences of any social phenomenon causes can be the starting point and deal with of the phenomenon Poverty and social inequalities in society.