Archives-December 

Three novel phenyl-dibenzo [b, h][1,6]naphthyridine derivatives were synthesized in five steps, from ethyl benzoyl acetate and aniline derivatives. A total of 48 minutes reaction time was recorded for the latter four steps using microwave irradiation. The yield of the final products and all intermediate products were over 80%.

Banda is the easternmost district of Bundelkhand region. It lies between latitude 24º 53' and 24º 55' North and longitude 80º 27' and 81º 34' East with an area of 7,624 sq.km. The western boundary of Banda touches Chhatarpur and Hamirpur districts separated by river Ken for certain distance. In present investigation the physicochemical characteristic of Ken River were studied. Water samples were collected quarterly from ten different sites of Ken River during the year January 2009 to December 2010. Preservation and analysis of water samples were based on standard method proposed by American Public Health Association (APHA, 2005). In cationic abundance sodium is followed by calcium, magnesium and potassium (Na>Ca>Mg>K) in the river through out the year. The tolerance limit for TDS, SAR and % Na of water use for irrigation has been found to be excellent for TDS and % Na, fair for SAR. Nitrate, Sulphate and Phosphate were found to below the permissible limit of WHO (1993).

Field trials were conducted during the rainy seasons of 2005, 2006 and 2007 at the Research Farm of Institute for Agricultural Research Samaru  (11⁰ 11^/ N, 07⁰ 38^/E, and 686m above sea level) to study the yield and economic returns of sesame as influenced by poultry manure, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The experiment consisted of four rates of poultry manure (0, 5.0, 10.0, and 15.0 t ha^-1), three levels of nitrogen in the form of urea (0, 60, and 120 kg N ha^-1) and three levels of phosphorus in the form of single super phosphate (0, 13.2 and 26.4 kg P ha^-1). The thirty six treatment combinations were laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. The factorial combinations of N and P were assigned to the main plot while poultry manure was assigned to the sub-plot. Yield of sesame per unit area and economic returns were better at 5 t ha^-1, 60 kg N ha^-1 and 13.2 kg P ha^-1 of poultry manure, nitrogen and phosphorus respectively. Applications of 5 t ha^-1 of poultry manure, 60 kg ha^-1 of nitrogen and 13.2 kg ha^-1 of phosphorus seems to be the ideal rates for sesame production in this agro ecology and is therefore recommended.

Cryptorchidism is the most common defect of the male urogenital tract at birth. It signifies a risk factor for primitive testiculopathy associated with long-term complications (infertility, testicular neoplasia, and hormonal changes). It may appear as an isolated disorder or can be a consequence of genetic and endocrine abnormalities connected with somatic anomalies. Its genetic relation still seems to be indistinct although a choice of genes can be answerable for the growth of this syndrome. Cryptorchidism can be related with serum testosterone level though the co-existing hypogonadotropic hypogonadism may also designate the association of pituitary hormones.

This research work is started to know the investors awareness towards commodity market. The study is made to find out the investors knowledge towards commodity market. The investors are provided detailed questionnaire to collect data, the data has been stored in an effective way to generate meaningful interpretation and findings. There are plenty of investment opportunities available to every investor in Erode district. In this study the researcher has used descriptive research design. The selection of sample is done in the commodity market offices, stock exchange terminals and banks which are giving investment advice to their clients. Some brokerage offices, insurance selling investment offices are the target group to select sample. Some investors are preferred to invest in equity shares, mutual funds, insurance schemes, real estate and derivative securities like currency futures, stock futures, index futures and commodity futures. Hence this study is started to test the investor’s awareness towards commodity market. Commodity trade ensures superior returns to the investors.

Each culture has an environmental code to maintain a harmonious relationship between man and nature ensuring the well-being, and material and cultural enrichment of the society. With the entry of industrialism and consumerism, man has become a factor of production and nature a resource only to be exploited for meeting man’s never ending greed. Also, Science and technology has placed an enormous power in the hands of man and this in turn is posing a threat to the different moral codes of conduct of human beings which directly or indirectly are responsible for the environmental degradation. Kohima district of Nagaland which is located in the north eastern most part of India is the home of the Angami tribe, and has a sub-tropical climatic condition. The Angami tribe lies between the border of Manipur state in the south towards the north of Rengma tribe and also spreads along the west towards Dimapur District National Highway 39 passing through Kohima and going towards Imphal in Manipur, cuts across the higher slopes of Japfii range and transverses the entire area under study roughly in north-south direction whereas National Highway 61 passes along the north direction connecting the northern Angami region with the town and also with the rest of the district making the region an easy prey to any cultural and socio-economic changes. Consequently, sustainable environmental ethics which the different communities of the region were equipped with for protecting the environment in the past are now losing ground in this rapid changing world. Sensing the danger ahead, the present study is an attempt to evaluate the precious environmental ethics which protect the region environment and the reasons responsible for the loosening of the grip of environmental ethics in the region.

This study examines the impact of monetary policy on exchange rate movement in Nigeria over the period of 1981 to 2015. The data for the research was taken from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). Based on empirical analysis and econometrics technique, cointegration method was adopted to measure the long run relationship between exchange rate and the Monetary policy instrument such as money supply, Monetary policy rate, Treasury bill and Cash reserve ratio and the direction of causality between the variables using VECM Granger causality framework plus variance decomposition and impulse response for robust analysis. The result from Johansen’s estimation revealed that broad money supply, monetary policy rate and cash reserve ratio contributed positively and significant impact on exchange rate movement in Nigeria while 3-month Treasury bill has a negative but significant impact on the exchange rate movement. There is unidirectional relationship between broad money supply and exchange rate at 5% level of significance. There is no clear causal link between monetary policy rate and exchange rate movement in Nigeria. However, variance decomposition revealed that monetary policy rate contributed 0.3351% and 3.1298% in the short and long run. Treasury bill is negative and statistically significant which means that, a 1% increase will lead to 3.24% decrease (change) on exchange rate movement. Lastly, cash reserve requirement is positive and statistically significant. These results could be a guide to policy makers in analysing monetary policy instrument towards maintaining the strength of the naira. Government should pursue strategies that are designed to neutralize the effects of such practices as round tripping, over-invoicing and under-invoicing which have characterized the activities of the banking sectors in the recent years. Lastly, foreign exchange control policies should be adopted in order to help in determination of appropriate exchange rate value. This will go a long way of strength the naira

Mobile ad hoc networks will appear in environments where the nodes of the networks are absent and have little or no physical protection against tampering. The wireless nodes of MANET are thus susceptible to compromise and are particularly vulnerable to denial of service (DoS) attacks launched by malicious nodes or intruders. Flooding attack is one such type of DoS attack, in which a compromised node floods the entire network by sending a large number of fake RREQs to nonexistent nodes in the network, thus resulting in network congestion. In this paper, the security of MANET AODV routing protocol is investigated by identifying the impact of flooding attack on it. A simulation study of the effects of flooding attack on the performance of the AODV routing protocol is presented using random waypoint mobility model The simulation environment is implemented by using the NS-3 network simulator. It is observed that due to the presence of such malicious nodes, average percentage of packet loss in the network, average routing overhead and average bandwidth requirement? all increases, thus degrading the performance of MANET significantly.

Modeling of steady magnetohydrodynamic viscous incompressible fluid flow through a porous medium between two disks rotating with same angular velocity about two non-coincident axes has been discussed taking into account the injection/suction, radiation and temperature dependent variable thermal conductivity. An exact solution of the governing equations has been obtained in a closed form by using perturbation along with dsolve Mat lab software tool to attain an analytical result for the velocity and the temperature profile. Analysis of the flow characteristics has been performed graphically by varying Hartmann number (M),I injection /suction parameter (?), permeability parameter (Kp), rotation parameter, Prandtl number (Pr), radiation parameter (R) and the variable thermal conductivity. The Skin friction coefficients are presented in pictorial from (11) to (16) and, discussed in detail.

In this study, we used ten medicinal plants (Azima tetracantha Lam. (Salvadoraceae ), Corchorus aestuans Linn.(Tiliaceae), Garcinia mangostana Linn. (Guttiferae), Guazama ulmifolia Lam. (Sterculiaceae), Cardiospermum halicacabumLinn. (Sapindaceae), Pimenta dioica Lindl.(Myrtaceae), Phyla nodifera (L) E.Greene (Verbenaceae), Scoparia dulcis Linn. (Scrophulariaceae), Croton bonplandianus Baillon (Euphorbiaceae), and Clerodendrum inerme Linn. (Verbenaceae) were screened for its potential antibacterial activity against clinically important microbial pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antimicrobial activity was determined in organic (Petroleum ether, Benzene and Chloroform), alcoholic (methanol) and aqueous extracts of these ten medicinal plants. The aqueous extracts showed minimum antimicrobial activity when compared to other extracts. The methanolic extracts of P.dioica showed the maximum activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The present study suggested that these medicinal plants represent may be used to find bioactive compounds from natural products that might lead to the development of new drugs against bacterial diseases.