Archives-December 

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) is the self organizing collection of mobile nodes. The Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol was designed to improve scalability of Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs). OLSR protocol implements Multipoint Relay (MPR) nodes as a flooding mechanism for distributing control information. Nevertheless, OLSR was designed without security measures. There-fore, a misbehaving node can affect the topology map acquisition process by interrupting the flooding of control information or disturbing the MPR selection process.

Gulf heavy crude oil samples were separated into four fractions of saturates, mono-, di- and polyaromatics by elution open column chromatography. Alumina and a mixture of equal amount of silica and alumina stationary phases were separately used to study the effect of these stationary phases on the separation. The Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC – MS) results of the fractions show that the nature of the stationary phase may affect the elution of both aromatic and the saturate components of the oil. The pristane/phytane ratio ranging from 0.63-2.00 obtained for the crude oil fractions using the two stationary phases indicates an oxygen depositional environment for the source rocks.

A new semi-organic crystal of L-Alanine oxalate monohydrate has been grown from saturated solution by slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The grown crystal was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The vibrational frequencies of various functional groups in the crystals have been derived from FTIR analysis. A wide transparency window useful for optoelectronic applications is indicated by the UV studies. The thermal behavior of the crystals has been investigated by TG/DTA analyses. The mechanical strength of the grown crystals was estimated by using Vicker’s microhardness tester. Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) efficiency of the powdered material of L-Alanine oxalate monohydrate (LAOM) tested by using Kurtz method.

Perceiving an environment is the first step linking people to a place. The emergence of this perception which is achieved through a mental and sensory process depends on several factors. In this study, different theories regarding the perception of the environment are investigated as the research objectives. The aim of this study is to measure the individuals’ perception paradigm of traditional housing style in Iran compared to modern housing style. Thus, it compares the perception of citizens of the two housing styles. The traditional style consists of a group of traditional houses from Zand and Qajar era in Shiraz while the modern style consists of modern houses in the same city. Accordingly, after a review of literature, the theoretical framework of the research was developed and a questionnaire and interviews were prepared during a month period. Finally, the quantitative data was analyzed with the help of SPSS Software and the qualitative data was analyzed based on the interviews. The results showed that there is a significant difference among different dimensions of home perception, including cognitive, emotional, interpretive and evaluative perception in both traditional and modern Iranian houses. In this relation, essential items such as stimulating the sense of smell in the yard, injecting the smell of humidity and soil, making physical and emotional bonds with residents show the conceptual differences between the traditional and modern houses in Iran.

Achieving marital satisfaction (MS) is becoming difficult for many couples. In fact, MS of the first marriages has declined since the mid-1970s. Approximately, half of the marriages resolve their marital unhappiness through divorce. In order to achieve MS, abundant of research has been carried out to investigate what constitutes a successful marital experience. Recent researchers have attempted to investigate indicators of MS. Interestingly, many prominent marital researchers suggest that there is a relationship between preliminary attachment [early relationship between caregiver and infant] and marital quality. Moreover, scientific studies and contemporary psychologists have started to promote concept of preliminary attachment for better quality of marital life. The review of studies conducted in the west suggests that secure attachment has high predictive validity for concurrent marital relationship while avoidant and anxious attachment invalidate relationships particularly MS. Although studies conducted highlight significant role of attachment styles on MS, but there is a dire need to investigate the varied attachment by Islamic perception. The aim of this preliminary study is to investigate one of the indicators of MS which is attachment and proposing effect of its role in process leading to MS by highlighting Islamic perspective. This study can be useful for psychologists and counselors that educate attachment styles based on Islamic believe to couples, before transition to parenting.

The role of parasites in aquatic ecology and in fish culture can not be overemphasized. Increase number of parasites could affect health, growth and maturation of fish. Intestinal parasites in Synodontis clarias from River Dukku was investigated, a total of 200 fresh samples were randomly selected from the fish landing sites. They were immediately transported to the laboratory in an ice chest. Fishes were divided into three groups according to their sizes, their sexes were noted before they were subjected to parasitological examination. S. clarias was observed to have an overall infection of 68 %. Female fish species were observed to be more significantly (p<0.05) infected when compared with the male fish species. Fishes with the highest total weight value of 8.60-10.90 g were observed to have the highest prevalence rate of 75 % with a significant difference (p<0.05) when compared to the other groups. With respect to the number of parasite observed class Trematoda had the highest number of parasites, while class Cestoda was observed to be the least. This study infers that there is high prevalence of intestinal parasites in S. clarias captured from Dukku River.

The purpose of this paper is to present some instructional ideas for second language (L2) listening comprehension and their alignment with listening assessment. Among the suggestions are using spoken texts as instructional input, introducing the micro- and macro markers and providing students with authentic texts. In addition, the paper also highlights the importance of awareness-raising on the differences between spoken and written language among L2 learners. To expand the extant of the scope of possible instructional ideas for L2 listening, the discussion on pre-teaching of listening input and its connection to learners’ schemata is also included. To consolidate the discussion on instructional ideas, communicative reciprocal listening instruction is recommended for L2 listening instruction. Apart from instructional ideas, suggestions on how to develop a ‘considerate’ listening assessment that is in alignment with classroom instruction are also presented in this paper.

Management education is increasingly becoming important and plays a major role in the success of managers and organizations worldwide. The importance of the education sector, particularly a professional discipline like management studies, is increasing day by day in Indian country. The quantitative growth of institutions in private sector smacks of attempts to commercialize and these needs to be curbed. These institutions need to play a major role in producing the right quality and quantity of managers to meet the requirements of the market place. Nowadays the management institutions are facing a lot of problems for attaining quality in management education. In order to improve the quality Management education is being imparted in 17 National Institutes of Technology (former Regional Engineering Colleges, RECs) and to grade them to the level of IITs, these institutions have been fully- funded by the central government.

The aim of this study was to investigate the microbial quality of 10 different Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPs) sourced sampled from traditional medicine distributors and retail pharmacy outlets in Accra, Ghana. A total of 10 herbal medicinal products that were made for in vitro administration were randomly sampled in triplicates for analysis. Microbial Count was performed on the products. Isolation and identification various microbes from herbal medicinal samples were done also done. The results show that all of the products had their manufacturing and expiry dates stated, 5 (50%) products have been registered by FDB. The microbial load of the products varied considerably. The lowest microbial count was 2.2 x103 cfu/ml and the highest count was 6.2 x103 cfu/ml. Two (20%) of the products showed no bacteria growth. The predominant organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureaus and Bacillus spp. Only one sample had fungi isolate from it. However, E. coli, Klebsiella spp and Salmonella spp was not isolated in any of the 10 samples. There is need for constant monitoring and control of the standards of herbal medicines products in the Ghanaian market.

Mountainous areas are one of the tourists' favorite destinations throughout the world. The lack of appropriate planning of responsible organizations and tourists unawareness about mountainous villages touristic potentials and reluctance of private sector to invest on providing proper facilities and equipment for tourists in mountainous areas have been caused tourism no development in these regions. The current research has been implemented in one of the mountainous regions of Guilan province in order to answer these questions that what are the advantages and limitations of tourism development in mountainous regions of Amlash county and what strategies exist for mountainous tourism development? Whereas recognition of strengths, pitfalls, opportunities, and threats, and planning to resolve limitations and increase benefits and create economic and social changes in this region are the obvious goals of this research, this paper used survey method (descriptive-analytical), field studies and questionnaires completion by three samples of statistical community (tourists, rural families (people), local managers) and determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the form of economic, social, cultural, ecological, and institutional in SWOT method to codify quadruplet strategies to develop mountainous tourism in AMLASHCounty. Studies have been shown that regarding to existence of strengths and opportunity in this region, threats and weaknesses levels are also very high and this region is vulnerable against tourism development and redistribution and reallocation of resources and appropriate and logical planning in regional level is an essential issue.