Archives-J 

Past shapes the future. Knowledge of the past experience has always been a good guide of understanding today and future. Related to this fact, modern Foreign Language Learning and Teaching (henceforth FLLT) and technology have been commonly identified with computer and internet technologies due to the popularity of computational technologies since 1960s. However, before 1960s, technology and FLLT were also bound together as FLLT after 1800s has always paced parallel to the technological inventions. The rapid development of approaches, techniques, and methods has been accompanied by technology, and many technologies have been adapted to FLLT. Beyond any doubt, modern FLLT today is shaped by computational technologies. Nevertheless, the issue of FLLT technology before computers is still vague and blurred. This obscurity dims the view on the relation between modern technologies and FLLT and causes many technological trial and errors today. This study embraces the invention of the computers as a turning point and scrutinizes BC and AD of technology in FLLT by focusing on the impact of technological innovations on FLLT within 1800- 1957 and establishes correlations of past and present experience for better future insights.

This paper provides a performance comparison between four of the most common symmetric key cryptography algorithms: AES(Rijndael), Blowfish, Twofish and Serpent. The comparison has been conducted by running four encryption algorithms to process different sizes of data blocks with any extension of files to evaluate the algorithm's encryption/decryption speed. Simulation has been conducted using java language

Type I neurofibromatosis (NF) is the most common autosomal dominant disease. It concerns one in 3000 births, the penetrance is close to 100%. Cranio-maxillofacial region is concerned in 10% of the cases. We are reporting the case of a patient who has been surgically cared for in the department of stomatology and maxillofacial surgery at the Rabat specialty hospital, for a nasal plexiform neurofibromatosis with a good post-operative evolution and a very satisfactory esthetic result.

Small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) is a low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) characterized by a monoclonal population of mature B-cell lymphocytes. It is rarely associated with cardiac involvement. Pericardial effusion is one of the most common incidental findings in cancer patients, which significantly worsens morbidity and mortality. Thus, early detection, adequate treatment, and understanding of pericardial diseases are necessary to help improve the quality of life of cancer patients. An individual treatment plan should be established, taking into account cancer stage, the patient's prognosis, local availability and experience. We report the case of a SLL involving the pericardium.

In modern engine design, to reach a more compact and optimized cooling system, exploiting nucleate boiling in thermally critical regions is required. Several studies have attempted to enhance the nucleate boiling heat transfer. This paper reviews the most important issues (i.e. surface roughness, composition of the liquid, electric field, vibration, orientation of the heated surface, surfactant addition, pressure and velocity) and their effects on nucleate boiling heat transfer.

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is a novel business management system that integrates all facets of business. There is an increasing demand for this system in both developed and developing countries. ERP has widely used in developed countries all over the world to automate the deployment, streamline processes and for achieving process improvement and global competitiveness. Today organizations of any magnitude have implemented or in the process of implementing such systems in order to remain competitive in this global market scenario. Recent trend shows that adoption of ERP is much higher in SME sector. Although ERP systems can bring competitive advantages to organizations, the high failure rate in implementing such systems is a major concern. A number of cases exist where organizations inspite of spending high amount on ERP implementation have not been able to reap any benefits out of it. This paper thus attempts to explore the existing literature to identify and prioritize some success issues leading to positive implementation of ERP in context to Indian small and medium scale enterprises.

This paper examines accounting and accountability issues relating to Australian rules country football clubs within the state of Victoria. Football clubs are part of the largely unaccountable not for profit (NFP) sector in Australia. As there has been a lack of research on country football clubs, this paper explores the myriad of financial information that is produced by both junior and senior clubs in the state of Victoria. The result of this survey has found consistency in the production of some accounting reports by club type, but also variability in regularity and usefulness.

The Bas-Uélé Province is entirely agricultural, the crops grown in the past were peanuts, cotton and coffee. Currently, the food crops grown cannot alone solve the problem of poverty from which the population suffers. It is therefore time to think about introducing cash crops, especially cocoa from the Bambesa Territory.This part of the study which consisted in evaluating the phenological behavior of the cultivars of Yangambi showed that the cocoa tree can be cultivated in the pedoclimatic conditions of Bambesa: All the three hybrids introduced in Bambesa behaved well and can be disseminated as for their behavior thus their capacity of adaptation.

Awqaf, guilds, madrasas, and Sufi orders were significant in the creation of civil societies in Islam since the first century A.H. Awqaf in particular, fostered bonds of social connection among members of different backgrounds giving rise to autonomous groups that political authorities always viewed with mistrust leading to protracted tussles between them. This paper contextualizes the ambiguities between the civil society and the political authorities through the prism of awqaf in Kenya. The change to other forms of charities illustrates the dynamics of endowments in Islam and the urge to guard the autonomy of civil groups in the public sphere.

The performance of pupils at the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education in public schools in Kenya remains a challenge since the number of pupils performing poorly is still high. In Matete Sub County, the performance of pupils at KCPE has been declining from the year 2012-2015, with a mean of 2.48. Therefore, the objective of the study was to find out the extent to which government policies affect the academic performance of primary school learners in Matete sub county, Kakamega county. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The study population comprised of 49 head teachers, 49 senior teachers, 75 standard eight class teachers, 1759 class eight pupils, and 1 Sub County Quality Assurance Officer. The study sampled 44 head teachers, 44 senior teachers and one sub-county Quality Assurance Officer who were selected through saturated sampling technique. Sixty-three class eight teachers were selected through simple random sampling technique. It also comprised 525 standards 8 pupils, who were selected through stratified sampling technique. Instruments for data collection were questionnaire, interview schedules, focus group discussions and document analysis guide. Face validity of the instruments was ascertained by experts in educational administration. Pilot study was carried out among 15 pupils, 5 head teachers, and 5 senior teachers. A Cronbach’s coefficient alpha of 0.7 was found; hence the instruments were reliable. The quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The qualitative data was transcribed and categorized on an on-going process as themes and sub themes emerge. The study showed that Government policies moderately affect academic performance with a mean of 3.39. Staffing policy as one of the government policy profoundly affected KCPE performance with a mean of 4.39.