Archives-J 

This Study examines the effect of inflation targeting policy on inflation tax in selected countries of the world. For this purpose panel data model was used in 36 selected countries during 2003-2009. Also by using mean difference test, the inflation tax for three years before and after inflation targeting was examined. Results suggested an inverse relationship between inflation targeting and the inflation tax by Friedman method. In addition, results of mean difference test for all countries and for each country separately, unexpectedly suggested an increase in inflation tax in the most countries after implementation of inflation targeting policies. In addition results of mean difference test for all countries and for each country separately suggested after implementation of inflation targeting policies, inflation tax is rising. In other words we can say that inflation targeting policies has not been granted to reduce the inflation tax.

From the beginning of creation, human being has always been hostile towards the ecosystem by changing the environment. Dams are one of the important structures in the systems of water transport and resources. The goal of these studies is to evaluate the environmental effects of the dams, obtaining a comprehensive recognition of the present situation of the environment in the location of dam and the span influencing it. These studies also aim at recognizing the design activities which are done in the considered environment. After gaining a dual recognition, the effects of design activities on all components of the environment (consisting of about 100 factors such as air, water, soil, plant, animal, biodiversity, population, culture, monuments, and etcetera) are determined. In this article, the advantages and disadvantages of dams will be investigated from an environmental perspective. From this perspective, there are lots of advantages as well as disadvantages for dams. They provide reliable water resources, protect the surrounding areas from floods, and also provide a clean energy. Hydroelectric energy (generating electricity by the energy of water) has more advantages than the other two major sources of generating electricity i.e. fossil fuel and nuclear energy. However, dams and water resources also cause some problems. In arid and semi-arid areas, water is easily evaporated from the tanks and canals which transport water. This causes a waste of water and an increase in the density of the salt in water. Dams are a barrier to floods. The floods are important since they enrich the soil with the nutrients which are essential and significant for the ecosystems. Dams change the water flow, the temperature, the transparency of a river; change the water from a current state into a stagnant state. The changes in temperature may have an effect on the living creatures of the river because the life cycle of many invertebrates depend on the temperature. These effects may also have an effect on the situation and behavior of weather, biology, culture, monuments, and etcetera and make them change and more complicated. As a result, with regard to the significance of the positive effects of building dams, it is necessary to minimize the negative environmental effects for the sake of sustainable development. In this article, the negative effects and ways for decreasing these effects in the environment are more investigated.

Table of contents for the month of June 2011

Prime Minister for India recently on 63rd Independence day addressing the nation from Red Fort said we need a new culture of energy conservation, since our natural resources are limited. India spent Rs. 3,40,572 cr. Excess Energy (8% loss in GDP) in 2007 compared to U.K. & Denmark. There was a saving of Rs. 65,000 cr. in 2007 by improving energy efficiency and energy conservation methods. India is facing energy shortage 12%-14% and peak power shortage of about 16%. GOI programmed 78,000 mw edition in 11th Plan. Hence energy shortage may be low in future by 12th Planning Ending. Direct loss on this account has been assessed to Rs. 43,205 cr. (1% loss in GDP) in 2008-09. This has posited the opportunity cost of the power shortage to a hopping some of Rs. 2,89,000 cr. i.e., (6% loss in GDP)., thus 15% loss in our National GDP of around Rs. 42,00,000 cr. has to be reduced. Countries like Saudi Arabia, Russia, Canada, Indonesia, US., China, South Koria, have to improve energy conservation and energy affiances for better environment, since the energy intensity is from 0.419 to 0.194 kgoe for 1 US $ GDP in PPP Terms against UK at 0.115 kgoe.

The traumatic dissection of the renal pedicle is rarely reported after blunt trauma. Clinical symptoms often fickle and rare. Thus, the diagnosis is based angio- CT; arteriography remains useful when revascularization gesture is considered. Observation: We return a case of a 23-year-old patient referred for a renal’s pedicle traumatic dissection near the aortic ostium imposing a monitoring in intensive care. Management strategies for RAD include surgical revascularization, endovascular intervention, and observation with or without anticoagulation. The late diagnosis and localization delicate forced us not to use the endoscopic embolization: the risk was too high; and with respect to the endoscopic revascularization was not possible due to lack of means. We update through a review of the literature aspects of the diagnostic and therapeutic care of the renal artery's traumatic dissection.

Patterns of crop diversification of modern agricultural technology, especially during the period of the Green Revolution in the late sixties and early seventies, there is a continuous surge for diversified agriculture in terms of crops, primarily on economic considerations. Indian agriculture is increasingly getting influenced more and more by economic factors. This need not be surprising because irrigation expansion, infrastructure development, penetration of rural markets, development and spread of short duration and drought resistant crop technologies have all contributed to minimizing the role of non- economic factors in crop choice of even small farmers. What is liberalization and globalization policies are also going to further strengthen the role of price related economic incentives in determining crop composition both at the micro and macro levels. Obviously, such a changing economic environment will also ensure that government price and trade policies will become still more powerful instruments for directing area allocation decisions of farmers, aligning thereby the crop pattern changes in line with the changing demand-supply conditions. In a condition where agricultural growth results more from productivity improvement than from area expansion, the increasing role that price related economic incentives play in crop choice can also pave the way for the next stage of agricultural evolution where growth originates more and more from value- added productions.

Given a collection of cities and the cost of travel between each pair of them, the traveling salesman problem, or TSP for short, is to find the cheapest way of visiting all of the cities and returning to your starting point. In the standard version we study, the travel costs are symmetric in the sense that traveling from city X to city Y costs just as much as traveling from Y to X. The Traveling Salesman Problem is typical of a large class of "hard" optimization problems that have intrigued mathematicians and computer scientists for years. Most important, it has applications in science and engineering I attempt to apply simulated annealing to find (Sub-Optimal) solutions to TSP with 100-200 cities randomly. The performance by changing the parameter values and try to understand how fast and effective simulated annealing algorithm can generate a solution to TSP problem.

Subcooled nucleate flow boiling is a very efficient heat transfer mechanism and therefore applied in many technical applications. A numerical simulation was conducted to predict the bubble lift-off size in a BWR-scaled vertical upward annular channel, which had been compared with some experimental results. A force balance analysis of a growing bubble was performed to predict the bubble lift-off size.

Important molecular pathways implicated in diverse neurodegenerative diseases are the misfolding, aggregation, and accumulation of the proteins in the brain. Accumulation and misfolding of proteins leads to synaptic dysfunction, neuronal apoptosis, brain damage and disease. The mechanisms which lead to protein misfolding and subsequent neurodegeneration are not clearly understood. The techniques for combating neurodegeneration due to toxic proteins are being investigated. The approach can be two pronged i.e to either do the gene repair using novel techniques like the usage of peptide nucleic acid or to alter the sensitivity or conformation of the receptor proteins or enhancement of enzymes responsible for degradation of these misfolded proteins for e.g ubiquitin-proteosome.

Public infrastructure is very vital for the functioning of an urban area. Potable water specifically remains a major United Nations target conveyed through the Millennium development goals. It is crucial for health, safety, environmental sustainability as well as for economic growth and development. Evidence from literature suggests that infrastructure services generally have positive effects on housing values, as they constitute positive externalities to surrounding properties. To this end, an investigation was made on the relative contribution of public water infrastructure on housing rental values in a residential neighborhood in Lagos, Nigeria using a hedonic regression model. Findings from the study revealed the relative impact of public water supply on property rental values. The application of the findings of this study will help direct policy formulation in the areas of urban infrastructure planning and development for investment returns and cost recovery. This is particularly necessary in a region characterized by incoherent institutional arrangements and poor financing strategies for urban infrastructure delivery and maintenance.