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ABSTRACT Background The Acquired Immune-deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is principally a sexually transmitted disease. Medical scientists agree that Human Immune-deficiency virus (HIV) cause the syndrome. Currently, 80% of HIV positive people in Africa acquired it through sexual intercourse. Ten percent are infected through blood transfusion donated by HIV positive people, and 10% through contact of blood in circulation system with HIV contaminated objects like shaving blades, injection needles and other objects used in piercing the body for medical, cosmetic and other purpose 1.The new face of Human Immune Virus (HIV)/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has earned it a recognition as a social problem due to the associated devastating social and cultural consequences on the individual and the society at large. As such, the pandemic needs to be given adequate social and cultural exploration for the purpose of designing effective prevention programmes. This becomes important, as there may be cultural variations that need to be understood before an effective programme could be designed. Objectives: The main objective of the review was to determine the socio-cultural factors associated with HIV/AIDS transmission. Methods: The review was conducted using PEN-3 Cultural model as a guide, electronic search of published literature using Pub Med database, Medline and data collected from national HIV sero-prevalence sentinel survey 2010. The bulk of the secondary data used in this review was also sourced from the reports of the Federal Ministry of Health, National Agency for the Control AIDS and the National Population Commission of Nigeria. Results: The findings of this review highlighted that gender inequalities, polygamous marriage, early marriage, widow inheritance, multiple sexual practices, alcohol/drug, harmful cultural/traditional practices, stigma and taboo influence HIV/AIDS prevalence in Nigeria. Data from the national sentinel survey was used to produce various graphs to show the trend of HIV/AIDS at national level, state level, urban and rural areas and various age groups. Conclusion: In conclusion HIV/AIDS is a social problem associated with human development process, thus solutions to the problem should focus on the entire development of the society. Necessary to understand are various socio cultural factors of HIV/AIDS highlighted with the view of educating the people.

Stock price forecasting is a prominent phenomenon for investors and other financial information users. Indeed, stock price prediction has been regarded as an interesting yet challenging process in the advanced world of business. Various economical or non economical factors have effected on stock market behavior, hence stock price forecasting is recognized as one of the most complicated subjects in business. In past, statistic-based methods were suggested to solve this problem. In recent decade, nonlinear based fuzzy time series models methods, artificial neural networks, fuzzy neural networks and combined prediction models have been recommended. There have been permanent debates about different methods of forecasting precision among those authors who selected artificial intelligence in forecasting. Therefore comparative analyses are crucial. This study by applying neural networks and minimizing stock price forecasting error designs and provides stock price forecasting model, in comparison to combined artificial neural networks technique. Results show that the combined neural network model forecasts more appropriately and is faster with higher estimation capability in stock price forecasting in relation to single neural networks.

This paper examines the effects and consequences of globalization on the identity of young Iranian. At first we describe concepts of globalization, identity, young and then with the method of analysis and explanation we seek the impact of these cases to know the impact of globalization on the identity component and their influence on Iranian young identity. Globalization is fueling a crisis of identity that challenges distinct form of official identification and facilitate the identification based on traditional value based on local value, identity-based on public value, open, plural and identification based on consumption.

Scaphoid fracture, untreated or badly treated, progresses to non-union. The treatment of scaphoid non-union is surgical. This work aims to discuss and analyze different techniques used in the treatment of scaphoid non-unions and their functional outcomes.Our study focuses on fifteen observations collected of scaphoid non-union in the Rabat Ibn Sina Hospital's department of traumatology-orthopaedic, over a period of six years (2007-2012). The analysis focused on the epidemiological, clinical, radiological data, surgical techniques and post-operative evaluation. The average age is 30 years, with a male predominance. One third of patients are manual workers, the dominant hand is affected in 67% of cases. The average trauma - treatment delay is 50.1 months. All patients presented pain and functional impairment with decreased range of motion. The X-ray made in all patients found, according to the classification of Alnot, 40% stage IIA, stage IIB 46.6%, 6.7% stage IIIB and stage IV 6.7% other. Most of our patients (13 out 15 cases) were treated by the Matti Russe operation, the iliac graft was in 11 cases, and radial in 2 cases. Resection of the first carpal row was performed in 2 cases. The evolution was marked by the disappearance of pain in 12 patients and improvements of motion in 10 patients. The Matti Russe operation is an excellent technique for treatment of scaphoid non-union without necrosis or osteoarthritis, this technique gives good functional results. However, only early diagnosis and adequate treatment of scaphoid fracture before non-union can recover normal mobility and avoid aftermaths.

The novel organotin(IV) complexes such as (p-ClBz)2SnBr2. Phen(2a) and (p-BrBz)2SnBr2. Phen(2b) were synthesized and characterized employing 1H, 13C and 119Sn NMR analyses. The spectral studies revealed the complex formation of 1,10-phenanthroline with p-substituted diorganotin dibromides at normal reaction conditions. Single crystal diffraction of 2a and 2b has confirmed that the tin atom is in regular octahedral geometry with the benzyl group in the equidirectional position. The structures of these compounds have been characterized by FT-IR, FT-Raman techniques. The optimized geometrical parameters, vibrational wavenumbers, corresponding vibrational assignments of the complexes 2a and 2b have been investigated by means of the density functional theory. The vibrational frequencies were calculated and scaled values were compared with experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra. The observed and calculated frequencies are found to be in good agreement. Moreover, the molecular electrostatic potential surfaces of the complexes have been constructed and electronic property such as HOMO and LUMO energies were also performed.

This research examines the concept of self-regulation from student’s perspective among gifted students in Jeddah Saudi Arabia. The discussion in the study is based on the theoretical framework of the emotional intelligence Theory Goleman’s (1995). A total of 150 respondents were involved in the quantitative study comprising of male and female gifted students whereby 10 teachers and 30 gifted students were used for qualitative study. During the analysis and interpretation of the responses gathered from gifted students which is the quantitative data, effect size was used to investigate which of the emotional intelligence element (self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and social skill) would be the best predictor of academic achievement among gifted students in Saudi Arabia. For the qualitative data thematic analysis was used through manual qualitative style to describe the concept of self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and social skills and provide suggestions from the teachers that could be adopted to improve emotional intelligence among gifted students in Saudi Arabia. The findings of the study show the effect of emotional intelligence factors on academic achievement. The study will be significant to teachers of gifted students, educational planners, government, international agencies such as UNESCO, UNICEF, UNDP, e t c and nongovernmental organizations by putting into practice the suggestions and recommendations which will help them improve emotional intelligence among gifted students in Saudi Arabia.

School culture is a pervasive element of schools, yet it is elusive and difficult to define. Understanding school culture is an essential factor in any school initiative. Any type of change introduced to schools is often met with resistance and is doomed to failure as a result of the reform being counter to this nebulous, yet all encompassing facet of school culture. Principals scoring high on this index frequently work with teachers to improve weaknesses and address pedagogical problems, and also to solve problems with teachers when there are challenges to learning in school. Also, they often inform teachers about possibilities to update their curricular knowledge and instructional skills, these principals report being vigilant about disruptive student behaviour in schools. In general, principals performing on this indicator spend significant amounts of their managerial time in attempting to improve school instruction methodology and foster co-curricular activities. School culture is not a static entity; It is constantly being constructed and shaped through interactions with others and through reflections on life and the world in general (Sarason, S.B. 2000). School culture develops as staff members interact with each other, the students and the community. It becomes the guide for behavior that is shared among members of the school community at large. Culture is shaped by the interactions of the personnel and the actions of the personnel become directed by culture. It is self-repeating cycle.

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between school environment factors such as peer influence, class size and media usage in school with English Language subject achievement among Form Five students of a school in PasirGudang, Johor by measuring their English language SPM Trial examination results of 2010. The differences of English Language achievement among the students were analysed based on their demographic factor and the influence of the school environment factors (independent variables) on the SPM Trial English Language achievement (dependent variable). Sampling 180 respondents of Form Five students one of the secondary schools in PasirGudang District was chosen to carry out the research. Three research hypotheses were developed for this study. The data was analyzed using SPSS software. Statistical tool such as Pearson Coefficient Correlations, frequency and Multiple Regressions were used to test these hypotheses. There are two types of variables used in this research which are Dependent Variables (DV) and Independent Variables (IV). Students’ achievement is classified as theDV while the factors of school environment (teachers’ commitment, class size and peer influence) are classified astheIV. A conceptual framework is drawn based on the variables. The results indicated that class size has a weak significant impact towards students’ achievement whereas peer influence and media usagedo not have significant impact towards students’ achievement.

The study investigates the direction of volatility spillover between exchange rate and stock prices in Nigeria using quarterly data for the period of 1990-Q1 to 2009-Q4. Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (EGARCH) framework due to Nelson (1991) was employed. Two different stock exchange indicators were used as proxy for stock prices to test the direction of volatility spillover between the variables. Thus we have two EGARCH models. The ADF and PP tests suggest that the series are random walk processes in their level form. The empirical findings suggest evidence of no long run equilibrium relationship between exchange rate and stock prices. It further shows that there is a robust unidirectional volatility spillover running from exchange rate to stock prices irrespective of the stock market indicator used. The result supports the findings of Beer and Hebeins (2008) for industrialized countries. The estimated mean equation showed that there is instantaneous positive response of stock market volatility to exchange rate fluctuation. Evidence from variance equation revealed that volatility persists longer when SMC was used as proxy for stock prices than ASI. The standard deviation statistic showed that stock market indicator is positively related to risk, validating the capital asset market hypothesis.

In order to study the effects of increasing corn plant densities on competitive ability of corn with natural weed populations in Khouzestan climate, a split plot based on randomized Complete Block design with four replications were conducted in 2011 in a field experiment station at Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Mollasani, Ahvaz. Treatments included pure stands of corn at three densities (40000, 70000 and 100000 plants ha-1) and weed-interference period to v9 and v13 in any of plant densities (40000, 70000 and 100000 plants ha-1). The following results were observed that there was significantly difference between studied characters, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, grain number per and row number per ear, grain number per row and 1000-grains weight among treatments. The studied characters were severely reduced by increasing the duration of weed interference after corn emergence. In addition, results showed that with corn plant increasing densities, corn plants tolerated the presence of weeds until v9 stage with approximately 6-15% in yield loss.