Archives-J 

Imidazoles and formimidoyl-1H-imidazoles derivatives were prepared by reaction between formamidines and weak or strong base depending on reaction conditions in good yields. All these derivatives have been fully characterized by spectroscopic data.

Automatic Speech recognition and conversion of speech to text is a work which has proved its importance for decades. A lot of work has already been done in this contrast. This paper focuses on the category of the emotion of Punjabi speech and the conversion of speech to text using advanced system voice recognition pattern. This paper also focuses on the optimization of the EEMD process by combining EEMD process with the Neural Network. Neural Network has been found to be friendly in the contrast of compounding different algorithms to it and it produces significant results. This paper also focuses on the future works to be considered in the same field.

This paper describes a QRS detector system to be implemented using 0.35µm CMOS technology which is used in biomedical applications. The proposed system uses fuzzy logic controller and several analog circuits for detecting QRS complexes and separating these parts from the rest of ECG signal. Simulation results using HSPICE that verify the functionality of system are presented.

Herbs are an ancient source of flavourings, aromatic compounds and medicines. Their health properties are linked to a number of chemical constituents, including vitamins, flavanoids, terpenoids, carotenoids, phytoestrogens and minerals. Herbs and their components have high antioxidant activity and antimicrobial property, which in a food matrix can delay the spoilage. With the growing popularity of herbs, it is not surprising that they are finding their way into fruit jellies. Considering this, an attempt was made to develop guava jelly containing selected herbal extracts namely Mentha cordifolia, Coriandrum sativum and Ocimum tenuiflorum. They were analysed for physico-chemical and organoleptic characteristics. The prepared jellies possessed optimum level of total soluble solids (TSS), pH and acidity. Taste panellists recorded high scores for the herbal jellies compared to plain guava jelly due to its characterisitic flavour and colour. The jellies prepared using herbal extracts were more transparent and quivery. Taken together, herbal extracts would appear to have a positive effect on the jelly quality in terms of most of the physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation. The preparation of good quality jelly with herbal substitution is certainly becoming a matter of very much importance, as it benefits the mankind in various ways.

Renewable energy sources has drawn attention around the world due to the rapid industrial development and growing population .In order to make the effective use of renewable energy to meet the global energy consumption, it is important to develop high performance, low cost and economically friendly energy storage devices. Since conventional capacitors have some inadequacies such as small energy density (i.e., <0.05 Wh/kg) for many applications which require a large amount of energy storage or delivery,supercapacitors has emerged as new storage device due to their high durability during its long charge – discharge cycles. Supercapacitors are governed by the same fundamental equations as conventional capacitors, but utilize higher surface area low resistance electrodes and thinner dielectrics to achieve greater capacitances. Properties of supercapacitors depend both on the technique used to prepare the electrode and on the current collector structure. Carbon Materials in different forms such as carbon fibers, carbon aerogels, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes and graphene are the attractive electrode materials for supercapacitors. The incorporation of nanomaterials as electrodes help to control the surface area as well as porosity which results in improved performance, greater efficiency and life time of the super capacitors .This recent technology improvement enabled supercapacitors as an alternative to pulsed batteries for applications in industry and telecommunication equipment. This review focuses on the taxonomy of supercapacitors, explores principle and theory of operation, dependence on different electrode materials on supercapacitor output and their application in the present world.

Present study was designed to investigate the role of demographic variables in determining the study skills and academic achievement among the university students. Study was descriptive correlational in nature in which scientific method was used to achieve the research objectives. The first objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of effective study skills and academic achievement, second objective was to investigate the role of demographic variation such as gender, discipline, family income, birth order, parents’ qualification and profession in determining the levels and dimensions of effective study skills and academic achievement. In this study a stratified random sample of 250 male (104) and female (146) university students were collected from 4 selected private and public sector universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Family income of Students ranged from 50,000 to 150,000. The study was delimited to Master level students studying in the fourth semester only. In this research for the measurement of effective study skills an inventory named as,” Study Skills” based on 51 items developed by Congos was used. The students’ academic achievement was measured through their results of first three semesters (students result was taken as measure their academic achievement). After data collection it was analyzed with the help of SPSS 16 by applying various statistical tests such as, Percentile Analysis, Mean, SD, Linear Regression, and Pearson Correlation. On the basis of findings, it was found that there is positive relationship between study skills and academic achievement in the context of Master level university students. The students of private sector universities possessed more effective study skills and higher score on the academic achievement as compared to the students of public sector universities. Present research is significant due to its uniqueness it can bring new avenues in the teaching learning process. University management can provide creative competitive environment to exercise study skill in their course of studies.

Satellite images are being widely used in many fields. One of the major issues of these types of images is their resolution. The most important quality factors of the images come from its resolution. Interpolation is a known method to increase the resolution of a digital image. A satellite image resolution enhancement technique based on the interpolation of the high-frequency sub bands obtained by discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and the input image is a new proposed technology. The proposed resolution enhancement technique uses DWT to decompose the input image into different sub bands. Then, the high-frequency sub band images and the input low-resolution image have been interpolated by using quadratic interpolation, followed by combining all these images to generate a new resolution-enhanced image by using inverse DWT. By employing DWT with quadratic interpolation, it is possible to recover the high frequency components of the input image which provides with a good visual clarity on the edges of the images and thus enhanced high resolution images are obtained.

In this paper we synthesis various thickness of nickel oxide (NiO) nanostructure films deposited on si substrate. by using RF. Reactive magnetron sputtering technique rotating by 5 cycle/min with both Argon and Oxygen mixture gases .argon and oxygen partial pressure was(7.0×10-3torr)and(1.89×10-2torr) respectively. The gas sensing application and electrical properties investigated as a function to the thickness variation the dramatic change in the electrical properties shows strong dependence on the thickness variation. Conductivity, resistivity, gas sensitivity of hydrogen and nitrogen dioxide gases was (95 %) and (90 %) for 50 nm respectively, gas sensitivity for NiO films increasing as film thickness increasing.

Two sets of field experiments were performed in two successive summer seasons to study the effect of soil and foliar fertilization of mungbean. The first set included the effect of late foliar applied N or K under different levels of phosphatic fertilization on mungbean yield and chemical constituents. Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L) Wilczek) var. Kawmy-l was fertilized with 0,19,38,57 and 76 Kg P205 ha-1 at sowing. Foliar applied N was sprayed as 1 % urea solution and K was applied as potassium sulphate 36% K20 solution; both N and K sprays were carried out at early pod formation stage. The second set of experiments aimed to study the effect of micronutrient application when combined with urea. The foliar applied treatments were urea (1%); and four key micronutrients; i.e. Fe (0.5%); Zn (0.1%); Mn (0.2%) and CuSO4 (0.05%). Micronutrient treatments were sprayed either alone or combined with urea at early pod formation. The obtained results showed that P fertilization significantly increased mungbean pod weight per plant, 100-seed weight, yield per plant and per hectare compared with the untreated control. Mungbean seed yield per hectare showed more response to foliar applied N than that with K. The best seed yield per hectare was reported from the combined effect of 76 Kg P205 ha-1 and foliar spraying with N. Protein percentage in mungbean seeds was not affected by either soil or foliar applications and ranged between 20.6 to 22.9%. However, protein yield kg ha-1 significantly increased when the plants were fertilized with 76 Kg P205 ha1 and foliar sprayed with N. In addition, soil application of P and foliar spray treatments showed significant effects on carbohydrate percentage and carbohydrate yield ha-1of mungbean seeds. Micronutrient application showed beneficial effects on yield and yield components from the association of urea with Zn on pod-number and with all micronutrients on pod-weight per plant. The highest seed yield per plant was recorded when the plants were foliar sprayed with Fe and Mn alone or Urea+Zn. Meanwhile, the highest seed yield per hectare was achieved by foliar spraying with Fe or Zn alone as well as by the combined application with urea Fe, Mn or Zn. Micronutrient concentrations in mungbean seeds were elevated more than in the control treatment due to foliar spray treatments but it did not reach the level of significance for Fe, Zn and Cu. It could be concluded from this study that mungbean productivity responds to combined soil application of P at 57 Kg P205 ha-1 and late foliar applied N at early pod formation stage. Foliar spray of urea combined with Fe or Zn may increase seed yield and improve the quality of seeds.

An Hepatitis B epidemic model with treatment is investigated. The model allows for the some infected individuals to move from the symptomatic phase to the asymptomatic phase by all sorts of treatment methods. The model exhibits two equilibria, namely, the disease-free equilibrium (DFE) and the endemic equilibrium. The stability of these two equilibria is controlled by the basic reproduction number It is shown that if is less than one, the disease-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable and is greater than one, the unique endemic equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable. By computer simulation it is found that if the growth rate of pharmacological effect of the lamivadine to the free virus increases, the symptomatic phase decreases. Numerical simulations are also carried out to investigate the influence of certain parameters on the spread of disease, to support the analytical results. Also, sensitivity analysis of the endemic equilibrium point is carried out.