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The mangrove ecosystem is of high economic importance to the local dwellers and the nation in general. The region is rich in both aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity and serves as a main source of livelihood for rural dwellers as well as stabilizing the ecosystem. Tremendous changes have occurred recently due to anthropogenic activities, thus raising awareness on the need for effective monitoring, protection and conservation of the mangrove ecosystem. A good knowledge of the services provided by mangrove ecosystems is an important key for effective management. The sustainable management of mangrove ecosystems in Nigeria will be an essential contribution to the proposed new target for the Millennium Development Goals to “Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving a significant reduction in the rate of loss by 2020”. The aim of this paper therefore is to review the status of mangrove resources drawn from the prospective of livelihood development. This review shows that the region is rich in biodiversity of high economic importance to national development and therefore requires effective monitoring in the conservation and management of this important ecosystem.

Clarias gariepinus larvae were reared in the laboratory, at five different densities to assess the effects of stocking density on growth, survival rate and condition factor. Larvae (mean weight, 0.05g, mean total length, 1.63cm) were stocked in five densities 20, 30, 60, 90, 120 larvae, each with a replicate. Temperature range was 24 to 260 C, while oxygen content was 5.8mg/L. The experiment lasted for 30 days from 2nd September, to 1st October, 2011. The specific growth rate, survival and condition factor (± s,e) of larvae stocked at densities of 20, 30, 69 ,90, 120-were : 29.71%,30.42%,29.81%,28.37%,and 27.00%, while condition factor were 8.13, 8.83, 7.95,8.1,and 7.77%.Mortality recorded in the various stocking densities were : 10 .00%, 16.66%,25.00%, 27.22% and 66.67%.The survival rate of the larvae were 90.00%, 83.33%, 75.00%, 72.00% and 33.33%.The result showed that stocking density of 30 fish m-3 had the highest specific growth rate, condition factor and mean weight gain.

The polymeric membrane using naturally occurring aloe-vera pulp as host and for filler, fine powdered natural waste egg shell was used which served the purpose of second component of the composite. The ratio of the aloe pulp and egg shell (ES) was kept 90:10. The membrane was characterized by different spectroscopic methods, viz., X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infra-red spectroscopy and conductivity by impedance spectroscopy. There is a sharp increase in the resistivity with temperature around melting temperature of the crystalline polymer. The attraction of this work is that the ingredients used for constructing the polymer matrix are natural , biocompatible and fully biodegradable.

The unsteady gravity-driven convective flow and heat transfer of optically thick nanofluid past an oscillating, vertical plate is considered. The flow is confined to y > 0 where y is the coordinate measure in the normal direction to the plate. The fluid is assumed to be electrically conducting with an uniform magnetic field applied in a direction perpendicular to the plate. The resulting equation is solved by making use of Laplace transform method. Velocity profile and temperature profile are drawn for different values of radiation parameter and magnetic parameter.

The synthesis and Biological activity of 2,4,5-trimethoxy benzaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone ligands have been reported. The Infrared and Elemental analysis have been assigned. The data agree quite well with the proposed structures. The group sensitive fundamentals are compared with those of similar molecules already reported in the literature. Ligand were screened for antimicrobial activities by the disc diffusion technique using DMSO as solvent. These Schiff base has been studied for their anti-bacterial ,anti-fungal, and anti oxidant activity. The antifungal activity of the said ligand has been screened against Aspergillus flavus, Asperjillus niger and Antibacterial activity tested against Vibrio harveyi , VibrioVulnificus, Escherichia Coli, Bacillus pumilus.The anti oxidant activity againt catalase assay.

This paper attempts to study the determining factors of Wadiah Saving Deposits in Malaysia. It intends to examine the relationship between Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Inflation Rate (INF), and Rate of Return (ROR) and Wadiah Savings Deposits in Malaysia. Analysis was done by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Some of the techniques used to measure the factors were Pearson Correlation, coefficient of determination (R2), ANOVAs, Multiple regression analysis, and T-statistics. Using the data from Monthly Statistical Bulletin, Bank Negara Malaysia from 2003 until 2010, and this study found that Rate of Return (ROR) influenced the changes of Wadiah Saving Deposits in Malaysia. By using T-statistics, the results showed that only one independent variables namely Rate of Return (ROR) had significant influence with Wadiah Saving Deposits while Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Inflation Rate (INF) had no significant influence with Wadiah Saving Deposits.

In this study the effect of land size on energy use of strawberry production in Iran was investigated. The data were collected from 110 farmers in 13 villages growing strawberry in Kurdistan province of Iran. The land size was categorized into 4 groups. Total input energy for the first group, second group, third group, and last group was 60556.6 MJ ha^-1, 49313.5 MJ ha^-1, 49823.7 MJ ha^-1, and 37234.1 MJ ha^-1, respectively. The difference between mean values of first group and last group was significant at the 5% significance level. The difference between mean values of other groups was not significant at the 5% significance level.

The optimal expansion of rocket nozzle has been occasionally attained due to the variation of altitude as the ambient pressure of these altitudes decreases with increase in altitude. Optimal gas expansion occurs only at a particular altitude when the nozzle’s exit pressure (Pe) is equal to the ambient pressure (Pa) of that altitude. There are special altitude adoptable nozzles such as aerospike nozzles, expansion-deflection nozzles and others designed for optimal gas expansion as the altitude increases. However, these nozzles adds weight to the rocket and are expensive for production. This study has been conducted with an experimental Rocket nozzle designed and developed by NSS (Nair Service Society) College of Engineering Palakkad-Kerala, India using computational fluid dynamics to determine the effect of varying the combustion chamber pressure to balance the nozzle exit pressure to the ambient pressure as the rocket ascends in altitudes. From the results obtained, it was observed that there is a conformance of up to twenty three (23) kilometers using the nozzle understudy for which further variation in combustion chamber pressure developed subsonic flows and shock waves in the divergent section of the nozzle. Further analysis showed that the total mass of propellant consumed was 36% per stage engine less than most conventional method of launching rockets engines to orbits. This method of variation of chamber pressure to balance the nozzle exit pressure with the ambient pressure provides potentials for reduction in energy consumption of a rocket.

Naturalness as a main inseparable feature of literary texts may be exposed to some mistranslations or misunderstandings from the part of the translators during the act of translation. A major issue is probably the level of the difficulty of the source text. There is a sever lack of research on the impact of text difficulty on translation naturalness at the micro level with regard to the formal and dynamic equivalents. Accordingly, the current study as an initial attempt in Iran aimed at examining the common elements of word and sentence pertinent to text difficulty and translation naturalness. To this end, the researcher aimed at finding out the relationship between formal and dynamic equivalents for simple and difficult texts. A pool of 86 students participated in the study to serve as the source of data. Having assessed the students’ performances on the tests based on Nida’s criteria, the researcher found a moderate correlation for formal and dynamic equivalents with regard to the simple texts and a strong correlation for formal and dynamic equivalents with regard to the difficult texts. Finally, some implications for translator teachers and syllabus designers were recommended.

A new integral transform similar to Laplace and Sumudu transforms is introduced, to explain the use of Tarig transform in differential equations, an example of first and second order linear differential equations are presented. In this work we show that the applicability of this interesting new transform its very efficiency to solving differential equations with constant coefficients.