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The purpose of contour farming is to reduce runoff and soil erosion on mild slopes. This practice can also increase crop yield through the soil moisture retention in arid and semi-arid regions. Results showed contour cultivation reduced the annual runoff as 10% in compared with cultivation perpendicular to the slope. Also cultivation and planting along contour lines in comparison with cultivation and planting downwards the slop reduced soil losses and water losses as 49.5 and 32%, respectively. Although contour farming reduces runoff and soil erosion largely, but when it's combined with other conservation tillage such as no-tillage or minimum tillage can be more effective. Contour farming on permanent raised beds combined with residue retained on the soil surface is suggested according the results of previous studies as the best practice on mild slopes.

The study on the effect of different weed management techniques on some chemical properties of soil was carried out on the university teaching and research farm in Girei Local Government Area of Adamawa State. This project was aimed at determining whether there will be a difference between soil chemical properties in areas treated with herbicide and those without herbicide treatment in the study area. The soil was examined in the field during the survey period after which eight profile pits were dug. Four of the pits were treated with herbicide, while four was not treated with herbicide. The soil samples were taken to the laboratory for analysis. The pH of the soil was found to range from moderately acidic to moderate alkaline with a mean pH values of 6.52 and 6.64 in herbicide and non herbicide use respectively. The electrical conductivity was found to be very low with mean values of herbicide and non-herbicides use of 0.02 and 0.25 respectively. Organic carbon of the soil was found to be moderate. And only organic compound was found to correlation with a significant difference. The exchangeable cations were generally found to be low and the total nitrogen was also found to be low. Generally, soils with chemical weed management practices were found to differ from those managed without chemicals. The major limitation of this project is that, other factor which may cause changes in the soul chemical properties were not considered in this study. I will recommend that further research be done to eliminate all other factors that can cause a change in soil chemical properties in other to determine more accurately the effect of herbicide on soils.

The ability to access, evaluate and use information is a prerequisite for lifelong learning, and a basic requirement for the information society.Information literacy (IL) program in academic libraries involves the process of imparting library users with the information skills that can help them identify their information needs, locate, retrieve, evaluate and effectively use that information for problem solving. This study investigatedthe effects information literacy programs in academic libraries.The specific objectives of the study were to: find out the levels of information literacy skills among students; identify the role of libraries in the integration of information literacy programs; establish the methods used in the provision of an information literacy programs; and to find out the students’ perceptions on information literacy programs. The study adopted the seven ways orfaces of information literacy model by Bruce (1997). This study employed the descriptive and explanatory research designs. The study employed both non probability and probability sampling techniques. The study sample was stratified according to the level of education of the respondents and convenience sampling was used in administering the questionnaires. The study sample comprised 335 users and 2 librarians who were selected using purposive sampling.Data was analyzed descriptively using SPSS 23 and presented in form of tables and figures. The findings of the study showed that the majority of the respondents understood the meaning of information literacy, they used the OPAC system and E-resources to locate, access, retrieve and effectively use the information acquired. The methods employed in the teaching information literacy skills included carrying out annual orientation programs for new students, organizing library workshops and demonstrations. However, it is evident that majority of library users lacked information searching and retrieval skills and this is due to the fact that they did not undergo a well-organized information literacy program, and that university students rely heavily on the internet for their academic work or research. The study concluded that although there have been efforts to ensure information literacy among university students, there is need to build on these efforts through collaborative efforts between librarians and faculty members particularly through joint curriculum design and implementation. There are some forms of information literacy training in the institution, however the training offered is not adequate to promote lifelong learning due to lack of standardized information literacy programs and lack of information literacy policies. The findings of the study will be significant to the policy makers by helping them to make sound policies that will enhance the development of information literacy skills among university students. Various methods should be used for teaching and assessing the information literacy skills of the students, which includes: one-on-one instruction, interactive classes, online tutorials, as well as building assignments around research situations.Lecturers should also be encouraged to use e-library resources and computers as well as the Internet and online searching skills as part of the students’ assignments.

The present paper addresses the differential effect on students’ general comprehension taught through modular and traditional teaching approaches at secondary school level. The study was conducted in one male and one female secondary school. Sample for conducting experiment was selected randomly from population of grade 9 students. Data was obtained through administration of general comprehension based teacher-made test. The data was analyzed by applying statistical package for social science through independent sample t test. Conclusions showed that there were significant differences between modular and traditional in general comprehension of students’. Findings depicted that students taught through modular approach gained higher mean score in teacher made general comprehension-based test than students taught through traditional approach. Findings reported significant gender difference in general comprehension of male and female students where male students performed significantly better than female students on general comprehension based test.

In this study, Piper longum (long pepper), Piper nigram (black pepper) and Zingiber officinale (dried zinger) were incorporated with artificial feeds formulated to understand their effects on survival, growth, activities of digestive enzymes and biochemical constituents in Macrobrachium rosenbergii post larvae (PL). These herbs were independently incorporated with basal ingredients at a concentration of 5% each, and fed to M. rosenbergii PL (1.56±0.08 cm; 0.074± 0.02 g) for a period of 60 days under laboratory condition with triplicates. A significant improvement (P<0.05) in survival and growth performance (weight gain, specific growth rate, food conversion ratio), elevation in activities of digestive enzymes (protease, amylase and lipase), increased concentrations of total protein, non-enzymatic antioxidants (vitamins C and E), and mineral salts (sodium and potassium) were recorded in P. longum incorporated feed fed PL followed by P. nigram and Z. officinale when compared with control. Polypeptide bands of molecular weight between 116-14 kDa were resolved in the muscle of PL fed with control as well as herbs incorporated feeds. Generally, there were eleven Coomassie blue stained protein bands (116, 58, 51, 45, 38, 33, 25, 18, 17, 16 and 14kDa) were calculated in herbal incorporated test samples. The general comparison between control and experimental groups revealed that there was more number of bands resolved in herbals incorporated feeds fed PL. Therefore, it is suggested that these medicinal herbs have their own influence in protein synthesis. In this study, the overall results indicated the fact that these herbs have acted as appetizers and hence, enhanced the secretion of digestive enzymes, which facilitated efficient digestion, absorption of nutrients and favoured for general health, which in turn ultimately produced better survival and growth of M. rosenbergii PL. Therefore, these herbs can be taken as feed additives in sustainable development of freshwater prawn culture.

An Integration of video pre-processing and the improvement of frames plays a significant role in the field of image processing. Image segmentation is one of the most important in image analysis. This paper presents a Watershed based image segmentation technique with k-means bunch method and some enhancement design method for improvement of overall performance. Though the HSV color area was found to convey higher results compared to the RGB color area, in our experiments the RGB and HSV color areas were found to convey virtually equivalent results. Eventually, it had been set to use the HSV color area as a result of it gave higher results than the RGB color area just in case of “difficult Queries”. K-MEAN primarily based bunch rule has been projected and also the iterations taken was abundant less than that of K-MEAN and ANN based schemes. Moreover, K-MEAN based mostly schemes might discover all the peaks and hence, the categories accurately. The impact of the configuration, migration policy, rate of migration, and kind of migration on the speed convergence has been studied and it had been discovered that the migration policy and rate of migration greatly influence the convergence rate

This research was conducted to evaluation of plant remains effects and different doses of nitrogen on the yield and some yield components of sesame. Design of this experiment was Split plot in a randomized complete block with three replications. The main plot included plant remains of wheat and subplot included four levels of nitrogen (0, 30, 60, 90 kg per ha).According to the results, plant remains improved seed yield of sesame and 256 g/m2 was obtained by plant remains treatment. Some features of sesame increased with increasing levels of nitrogen so that the 90 kg per hectare of fertilizer showed highest yield (339 g/m2) of sesame. Thus the applications of 90 kg nitrogen and plant remains (malch) are recommended to achieve maximum yield of sesame in Mohr region.

Elaeagnus angustifolia has wide range of distribution in the country and its oil has many food and health benefits. Its oil use for therapy of some disease included Dental diseases, diarrhea, stomach ulcers and prevention of bleeding. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of the seed oil. Therefore Elaeagnus were collected of the surrounding gardens Semnan. Its core was separated. After drying, it was chopped by the mill, oil extraction was obtained by Soxhlet. Some traits were examined such as Peroxide value, acid and iodine value. 5% oil was obtained of Elaeagnus Angustifolia. The oil had high in linoleic acid and oleic acid its oil like sunflower oil and contains essential fatty acids omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acid. It also has good resistance to oxidation temperature. The mean iodine value was 120.73, oxidation stability 5:51 h, blue color 0.78 percent, red 2.79 percent, yellow 47.6%, peroxide 12.31 mill equivalents peroxide per kg of oil, non-soap compounds 5.17% , sterols 1283 mg/100gr oil, Tocopherol 94.3 mg/ 100gr oil, iron 0.62 ppm, copper 0.0366 ppm, Phospholipid 268.3 mg per gram, respectively.

Obesity has been pointed as a major issue plaguing in the World. Currently the Indian community has more of overweight / obese, people with excess body fat, abdominal adiposity, increased subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat, and deposition of fat in ectopic sites. Fat is still the number one nutritional concern for most people because the continuous consumption of fat may lead to certain major health disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, hypertension, some types of cancer, high blood cholesterol etc. Evidence suggests that lowering total energy intake along with a reduction in total fat intake can have a substantial impact on body weight and risk of chronic diseases. Thus, the fat replacers have opened the door for a new generation of reduced fat foods that have the taste and texture of the high fat foods that consumers enjoy, without unnecessary calories, cholesterol or fat. By considering the current issue prevailing in India, effort was taken to prepare a modified rice starch to replace fat in certain food products without affecting the taste, texture and flavor. Though 100 percent replacement of fat is impossible it is feasible to reduce the fat content to an acceptable level with the help of modified rice starch.

Earnings management is a kind of management which uses accounting techniques to meet the executives needs for earnings; it is a widely debated topic, hence it is worth looking at. Experts and professionals in this area found many approaches to detect the earnings management; within these approaches are the accrual-based models which include the modified Jones model, which currently is a favourite model to many researchers. The issue of earnings management has always been an anxiety for the reliability of published accounting reports. In emerging markets, like India due to their relatively weak legal enforcement capabilities, earnings management issue is more universally practiced. The objective of this study is to investigate whether Indian companies adopting international standards (i.e., International Financial Reporting Standards or IFRS) have higher earnings quality compared to non-adopting companies and are less likely to smooth earnings and engage in earnings management with an improvement of reporting quality. Our results clearly indicate that the firms adopting IFRS are unable to control the earnings management and thereby improve Earnings Quality in emerging market of India.