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Assessment of climate variability at local level, where the driver of the economy is agriculture, has enormous advantage in Ethiopia, . This study was then initiated to analyze the variability of rainfall features and their likely implications on long season growing crop; sorghum in Alamata Wereda. Daily climate data was obtained from the National Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia (NMA) and the historical temporal variability of the rainfall features was assessed using Instat and Mann-Kendall statistical softwares. Apart from the interannual variability (26.2%), the annual rainfall has also revealed a decreasing trend. Similarly, the Belg (FMAM) rainfall demonstrated a significant decreasing trend with a very high seasonal variability (53.1%). The Markov chain first order model indicates that the probability of 15 and 20 days consecutive dry spell occurrence on May (90%) and June (75%) were very high signaling that sowing on these months could possibly lead to complete or partial failure of seedling establishments. Even though the correlations between yield and monthly rainfalls was positive, only April (r=0.48) and September (r=0.55) rainfall was statistically significant. This indicates that for sorghum production, rainfall during April (for seedling establishment) and September (grain filling) appears to be particularly important (sensitive). Hence, as there is early cessation and high rainfall variability during the Belg season (part of sowing period for sorghum), different adaptation strategies such as soil moisture conservation and early maturing cultivars should be practiced to minimize the impact of rainfall variability on sorghum production.

As scientists we tend to view technology as a scientific system but in fact the success of a particular technology at a particular time may rest less on its efficient performance and more on its 'social' relevance and impact. We now need to identify sustainable design investments for a very uncertain future of expanding populations, scarcer resources and climate change. Buildings in the Iranian desert regions are constructed according to the specific climatic conditions and differ with those built in other climates. Desert buildings are equipped with air traps, arched roofed, water reservoirs with arched domes and ice stores for the preservation of ice. The operation of modern coolers is similar to the old Iranian air traps which were built at the entrance of the house over underground water reservoirs or ponds built inside the house. Lofty walls, narrow and dry streets, highly elevated air traps, big water reservoirs and arched roofed chambers, are the outstanding features of desert towns in Iran. The ever shining scorching sun of the desert has rendered life very difficult for its hardy and warm-blooded inhabitants and has compelled them to resort to facilities that can moderate the unbearable heat. In the following paper, subjects relating to the building materials of desert towns and the method of operation of the traditional cooling systems in the cities with warm and arid climates are described. Herein the great wind catchers of Iran are a zero carbon cooling technology, but because the high towers of the region grew too large during a period of economic boom and soaring social hubris these structures may survive less well than if they had been more modest in their design.

This paper is examined status of madheshi women in Nepal. In Nepalese context, the madheshi women as being on the lowest rung of caste hierarchy are deprived from the accessibility of different types of capital, symbolic, economic, and cultural except the social capital. They have low partake in different part of development activities of the country. Madheshi women are backward than Pahadi women communities women because of restricted equality and discrimination recognition due to deficiency of literacy..

In order to become successful members of society in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, students must be able to write effectively. However, many students are unwilling or unable to write by the time they leave high school. Two major factors linked to writing performance include writing self-efficacy beliefs. The current study endeavours to conceptualize the relationship between self-efficacy and writing performance. The paper posit a positive relation between writing self-efficacy and writing performance. The study concludes its premises by suggesting topics of interest for future research.

In recent years most of countries particularly pay attention on soil’s salinity because reducing water quality,reducing efficient of agronomy products and extension of desertification are come from that phenomenon.Iran is one of only three countries where is encountered to soil’s salinity.one of ways to control salinity is investigation range and addition of it in an area, and in the next step prevention and elimination of problem will be considered.The research has been done in Zahedan’s area in order to examination of soil’s salinity(electricity transfer) with exploitation of geostatistical procedure. Geostatistical factors are used by Kriching, Cokriching, inverse distance weight method and Kriching regression. The 300 points have been done in order to determination of amount of electricity transfer in horizontal and vertical state by electromagnetic inductor device.Three depths of 0-30,30-60 and 60-90 cm have been investigated.According to obtained results the least sum of error in three depths in Kriging regression than three others method illustrate how the method is high benefit and accurate and the method has been chosen to determination of soil’s salinity.Coefficient of soil salinity in regression model in 0-30,30-60 and 60-90 depths have been obtained 0.22,0.27 and 0.32 respectively.According to obtained map, whatever we go down from surface to depth of soil, salinity becomes lower soit has to be more considered to harvest and cultivate.According to low cost and high accuracy of the Kriging regression method, it can be used for zoning of soil’s salinity.

This study investigated the effects of an 8 – week supervised circuit training program with moderate intensity on the fasting blood glucose level of NIDDM patients of sedentary lifestyle over conventional oral therapy medications. 40 NIDDM patients aged 35-55 years volunteered for the study. Subjects were randomly assigned into exercise and diet group (n = 20) and conventional oral therapy group (n = 20). The exercise and diet group received 60 minutes of supervised circuit training thrice a week for 8 weeks along with a prescribed diet control. Subjects in the other group were only on conventional oral therapy medications. Measurements were taken on 1st, 30th, and 60th day which include fasting blood glucose level. The results showed a very highly significant (p = 0.001) decrease in fasting blood glucose level. When both groups were compared the exercise and diet group was found to be more beneficial and effective than the conventional oral therapy medication group. Both conventional oral therapy medication and exercise and diet groups can be used in management of NIDDM. However in this present study it is seen that exercise and diet is more beneficial and effective as compared with conventional oral therapy medication in reduction of glucose levels and thus, reducing the need of oral medications.

In the 1950s, the idea of development and the necessity to pay attention to factors of social welfare as well as reduction of poverty highlighted the intervention of governments in economic activities, but since the 1970s and with the formation of the idea of centrality of humanity in development, it was realized that physical assets are not enough to deal with issues arising from underdevelopment in countries, however social issues and policies, and the formation of human capitals are at least as significant as physical assets. Therefore, social support policies in the framework of welfare states and subsidy policies were placed on the top agenda of development programs in different countries. However, what was ignored with regard to payment of subsidies was proper targeting of such policies in a way that most countries were paying their subsidies to general public. Following the debt crisis and global recession in the 1980s and the comparison of the experiences in countries of East Asia, Latin America, South Asia, and Africa, the focus of development approaches was changed to improvement of economic management and acceptance of a greater role for market forces. In this new approach, most countries embarked on reforming their subsidy plans. The main reason for these countries in implementing reform plans was to avoid public subsidies because of their comprehensiveness, population growth, and the increase in the price of goods and services in the global market. In addition, inefficiency of governmental distribution system and negative effects of controlling the price of products for the producers were among other reasons. This article initially provides a definition of subsidy, and its different forms and costs, and will then review the experience of different countries with regard to subsidies. It will eventually investigate the history, objectives, and consequences of subsidy reform plan in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Child mortality refers to the death of infants and children under the age of five or between the age of one month to four years depending on the definition. Child mortality is a core indicator of child health and well-being. In this paper we propose a probability model for child mortality among women with fixed parity under certain assumption and techniques. The suitability of the model is tested through observed data. NFHS-3 data has been used to carry out this study.

Seats are one of the most important components of automotives. In recent years, customer expectations for automotive comfort are increasing, and the development of seats that cause little fatigue, even for long distance driving, has been required. Automotive manufacturers recognize comfort as one of the major selling point, as it is thought to play an important role for buyers as well. This literature review incorporates previous studies related to automotive seating comfort and discomfort. It summarizes key literature related to seating design and criteria and reviews comfort issues in automotive seating. The aim of this paper is to describe the measurement methods that are used to improve the physiological comfort of automotive driver’s seat. The paper has 3 sections. First, we explain the nature of sitting comfort and discomfort. Secondly, we describe the subjective and objective measurement methods that are used to evaluate the automotive seat. Thirdly, we propose a methodology for the development of comfortable driver’s seats.

In this modernization era, Banking activities have been automated. Technology has brought banks and services to the doorsteps of the customers. ATM is one of the boons for the customers to withdraw their money or deposit their money on any day at any time. In this context the ATM cardholders should be well versed with ATM and its related matters. In this present study, which has been conducted among 100 ATM card holders of various banks in Srimushnam Taluk, an attempt has been made to assess whether the ATM card holders are aware of certain important matters and behaviour of them.