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The objective is to determine blend which gives less emission and good performance characteristics, comparing emissions and performance characteristics between blends and pure gasoline fuel at different speeds, different compression ratios and different loads and carry out the test on VCR engine at full throttle valve opening without modification and without knocking at, different gasoline-ethanol blends (E5,E10,E15) and pure gasoline, different compression ratios (8,9,10) and different speeds (1600,1700,1800 in rpm) where, performance characteristics are volumetric efficiency, brake power, brake thermal efficiency and emissions of CO, CO2, HC.

The adsorption behavior of Nickel (II) ions from aqueous solution on ODINA WODIER (OW) bark carbon was investigated as a function of parameters such as adsorbent dose, initial Nickel (II) ions concentration, effect of solution PH, contact time and temperature. The Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms. From these experimental data and RL value indicate the adsorption process is favourable. The thermodynamic parameters such as ?H0, ?S0, and ?G0 were evaluated and the adsorption process was physical adsorption. The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich kinetic models and the intra-particle diffusion model were used to fit the experimental data by using linear regression analysis method. The high correlation coefficient (?) values indicate the fitness of the model. The kinetic of this process having high correlation coefficient (?) were pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion models. The adsorption mechanism is proved by FT-IR, XRD and SEM images. The OW bark carbon has high adsorption capacity and adsorption rate for the removal of Nickel (II) ions from aqueous solution.

The feasibility of using spent water from parkia seed (iru) processing were tested on wood samples of Ceiba pentandra as preservative against fungi. Spent water (leachate) from locally produced iru processing was used to treat Ceiba wood. Wood samples were at the sawmill unit of Forest Products Development and Utilization Department of Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN). Wood samples converted into 15 mm x 15 mm x 25 mm and were inoculated with Sclerotium rolfsii and Pleurotus florida for 12 weeks. Samples soaked for 48 hours had the lowest weight loss (7.143%) for samples inoculated with P. florida thus signifying that the leachate at 48 hours of soaking provided preservative property against P. florida while the 24 hours of soaking was the least effective. But samples inoculated with S. rolfsii show that the leachate was not effective in the control of S. rolfsii.

In order to evaluate induction of tolerance to salt stress CP73-21 sugarcane commercial cultivar in tissue culture conditions an experiment was conducted in 2014-2015 year, in tissue culture laboratory of Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz. 6 treatments for callus induction (2,4-D at levels: 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5 mg/l) were investigated in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The highest callus value (67.5%) was obtained from treated with 3 mg/l. The effect of different levels of salinity 0, 33, 66, 99 and 132 mM were investigated to tolerance of callus in completely randomized design. After 8 weeks, the callus value reduction by 33, 66, 99 and 132 treatments in compare to control were obtained 31, 33, 22 and 26%, respectively.

Purpose- The primary aim of this research paper is to explore buyer-supplier relationships within telecom sector. Approach- To address the primary aim, both qualitative and quantitative approaches was utilized. A list of antecedents was prepared as discussed with telecom purchasing professionals who complemented with the schedule of enquiry for recording the impact of emphasis on these antecedents on the relationship between the buyer and suppliers of different categories from buyers’ perspective. Findings- The results of this research indicate that there are significant differences in the way relationship is maintained by the buyer with different suppliers thus making the buyer supplier management not a general but a specific and situational issue. Practical Implications- This research is of practical use to many organizations attempting to develop relationship orientation with their suppliers according to the importance in terms of profitability and options available of supply. Value- Not much has been written about the buyer supplier relationship in the Indian context and as such this paper provides an insight into various factors relating to management of relationship by the telecom buyers with different suppliers.

Cases of examination cheating have been reported in Masaba South District and its environs over the years. This study purposed to establish the reasons why students cheat in secondary school examinations in Masaba South District of Kisii County. The study sought to determine whether competition, poor preparation, poor invigilation, inadequate facilities, ineffective teaching and anxiety had any influence on student cheating in secondary school examinations. The study too investigated the methods used by students to cheat in school examinations and how the vice could be curbed. The research adopted an explanatory approach of descriptive survey research design. The sample size consisted of 449 students, and head teachers from 6 purposively selected schools of Masaba South District. The Head teachers’ and students’ questionnaires were used to collect data in the study. The items in the questionnaires were tested for content validity and reliability by means of a pilot study in one of the schools that was not included in the sample. The data was analyzed using statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results of the study revealed that the major factors influencing examination cheating include: examination anxiety, lack of facilities, stiff competition, poor preparations, and inadequate invigilation of the examinations. The study recommended that there is need for thorough guidance and counselling and adequate preparation of students for examinations.

The study aims at establishing and analyzing the factors influencing growth of microenterprises in Mombasa. The data to be utilized in this research will be directly obtained from entrepreneurs in various business ventures in the economy handling both farm and non-farm activities and other services such as transport. The study will establish how level of education, technology, government legislations and credit accessibility affects the growth of micro enterprises. Most micro enterprises are unable to access credit facilities due to lack of adequate assets to offer as security which serves as a commitment to firms for repayment. It also provides assurance to lenders that the loan will be repaid and if the firm fails, the assets will be sold to recover the loan. Education level of an entrepreneur will also be identified as another influential factor in the growth of micro enterprises. Educated entrepreneurs are identified as less constrained in accessing loan facilities because of acquired knowledge and skills in successful management and effective business proposal writing. The study will also establish how the technology of an enterprise affect its growth. Firms with high level of technologya long time of existence, have a well established financial base hence are regarded as creditworthy by many formal and informal financial institutions. To achieve the objectives of the study, descriptive research design will be used. The study will be carried out in Mombasa County, targeting 1200 microenterprises. A proportionate sample of 120 will be selected using stratified random sampling technique. Questionnaires and interviews will be used for primary data collection. Data collected will be analyzed using tables, pie charts and graphs with the help of SPSS computer package. Conclusions and recommendations will be made and drawn from the findings.

The present study aims to determine the relationships between fathers’ parenting styles and locus of control, and the role of number of children in the family as a moderator. Sample consisted of 382 school-going adolescents with an average age of 14 years. A self-administered questionnaire was prepared for the participants at their selected schools. Results demonstrated that adolescents with higher internal locus of control perceived their fathers at higher levels of authoritative parenting. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the influence of the fathers’ parenting style on the adolescents’ locus of control was stable across number of children. Regardless of family size, fathers’ contribution in child development is fundamental. Findings from the study call attention to policy makers to take into consideration the ‘father factor’ in formulating policies related to child and family well-being.

India is acknowledged as the biggest retail market in the world next to China. The sector is the largest source of employment after agriculture. Nearly 40 million people employed in retail sector which accounts for 8% of the total employment and 4% of the entire population. According to the A.T. Kearney Global Retail Development Index (2011), Indian retail sector accounts for 22 percent of the country’s GDP. Total retail market in India which stood at Rs. 20,00,000 Crores in 2009-10 which increased to Rs.23,50,000 crores in 2010-11 which is estimated to attain Rs.28,65,000 Crores by 2012-13. An ASSOCHAM report states that India's overall retail sector is expected to rise to Rs.41,65,000 by 2013 and to Rs.USD 1.3 trillion by 2018, at a compounded annual growth rate of 10% driven by the emergence of shopping centers and malls. India’s organized retail market was estimated to be Rs.96500 Crores in 2008 accounts for around 5 percent of the total retail market, which increased to Rs.1,50,000 crores in 2011 accounting for 6-7 per cent of total retail. Organized Retail has been growing at an impressive rate of 35 to 40 percent per year compared to 9 to10 percent growth in the overall retail industry. The business in the organized retail sector of India is expected to reach the level of $100 billion by the year 2015. In India 98 percent of business is being run by the unorganized retailers. Recently, the government of India has permitted a FDI in multi-brand retailing which has triggered a debate on whether India should allow entry of foreign retailers or not. In the light of this development, a study has been conducted to find out the challenges and opportunities of allowing FDI in multi-brand retailing. It is observed that multi-brand retailing will have positive as well negative impact on Indian economy, Indian retail sector, customers, farmers and society. It is also found that there are several challenges before foreign players which are needed to be addressed by them before entering into India.

The study aimed to examine financial factors affecting lending portfolio in commercial banks in Kenya. The specific objectives of this study were: to determine the effects of interest rates on the lending portfolio of commercial banks in Kenya; to establish the effect of deposit mobilization on the lending portfolio of commercial banks in Kenya; to assess the effect of collateral on the lending portfolio of commercial banks in Kenya; and finally determine the effect of loan repayment on the lending portfolio of commercial banks in Kenya. The study was based on Liquidity Preference Theory (LPT), Loanable Funds Theory and The Theory of Interest. The study used a cross sectional survey research design administered through questionnaires. The heads of credit related departments who are concerned with policies implementation in 43 commercial banks in Kenya formed the target population. The sample population of the study was 64 respondents. The mean, standard deviation, correlation and regression were the main statistical analysis used. It was found that interest rate had a negative correlation with lending portfolio. Deposit mobilization, which is the source of funds for the banks, had a positive effect on the lending portfolio. Emphasis on collateral requirements had a negative effect on amount of loans but increased the quality of the loans lent out (low risk of default). Finally it was found that loan repayment policies had a positive significant effect on the lending portfolio. It was concluded that unfavourable (high) interest rate reduces lending portfolio. Effective deposit mobilization strategies increases lending portfolio. Loan repayment policies increase the lending portfolio. Finally, collateral requirement increased the chance of loan repayment thus increasing the quality of lending portfolio. Consequently it was recommended that the stakeholders, especially the government to implement economic strategies that spars economic growth. The economic growth as multiplier effect in that it does not only empowers the citizens financially, it also reduces the interest rate of bank loans. There should be effective assessment mechanisms of potential borrowers so as to have appropriate collateral requirement for an individual borrower. Finally it was recommended that a complementary study that examines the causes of non-repayment in commercial banks will be ideal. This study also proposed another study be carried out that investigates the direct role of lending portfolio on bank’s financial performance.