Archives-June... 

This study assessed the involvement of rural children in farming activities in Odeda local government area of Ogun state. Interview schedules were used to obtain information from 80 children from the study area. The study revealed that the mean age of the respondents is 14 years with more than half (55%) between 13 and 15 years. Majority (92.5%) of the children are schooling. Also, about three out of every four children (76.25%) are involved in about 13 farming activities. Boys are more involved at a higher level in farming activities than girls. Chi-square analyses revealed that there is significant difference at p<0.05 in male/female involvement in land clearing (?² = 13.265), ridging (?² = 19.163), planting (?² = 23.474), fertilizer application (?² = 9.172), staking (?² = 10.889), harvesting (?² = 26.000), transporting (?² = 11.607) and marketing (?² = 9.053). It can further be deduced from the study that farming in the study area by the children cannot be regarded as child labour as most of their involvement is done on weekends. The study concluded that children should be involved in farming at a low to medium level depending on age as this serves as means through which a child can acquire basic survival skills that will be needed for the child’s personal development and, in the long run, resulting in sustainable national development.

Sustainable production is the need of the hour for a sustainable environment. To obtain a sustainable future is possible only through recycling of the recycled product .In the world where demand cannot meet with the existing requirements it is necessary to go on with the natural resources prevailing. In this case, biodiesel occupies a unique place to satisfy the expectations. Biodiesel from neem cake has an excellent efficiency to provide a good combustion to run vehicles and generators at a sufficient economy. The paper details on producing biodiesel from neem oil through fractional distillation involving both esterification and trans-esterification processes. The fuel recovered by this process is further recycled to extract esters. The unique technique that this paper provides is an approach to minimize the wastage and economy of the recyclically recovered fuel while using it in generators. The power thus obtained is made to use in sufficient quantities to initiate the recycling further thus enhancing the process to be a cyclic one. The practical work of the above said is being conducted in the laboratory. The prevention of solidification of fuel is also made possible through a technique which is discussed in the paper. This way the approach further insists on a complete usage of the already recovered green fuel including the unburnt fuel to mix along with the normal diesel used in automobiles. This approach also focuses on minimizing the emission effects from automobiles and generators.

This paper focuses on the causes of juvenile delinquency and is an effort to pin point the large amount of causes that exist and contribute to what leads someone towards delinquent behavior and how these actions of him violate the law, who is under the legal age of majority in the Pakistan. So that serious actions should be taken to discarding this serious threat and epidemic signal from the society in the near future. This study was conducted at Adyala jail at Rawalpindi District in Punjab Province (Pakistan) in the Juvenile barracks. The study will be useful for the policy makers, law enforcing agencies and civil society and can serve to Pakistani societal norms significantly. In Pakistan serious dangers are created to the health, social and moral development of children. The findings shows that lake of basic facilities leads children to become criminals and courts make them professional.

The need for efficient Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) system has increased hugely. Efficient and effective retrieval techniques of images are desired because of the explosive growth of digital images. Content Based Image Retrieval is a promising approach because of its automatic indexing retrieval based on their semantic features and visual appearance. In CBIR, image is described by several low level image features, such as colour, texture, shape or the combination of these features. With appealing time-frequency localization and multi-scale properties, wavelet transform proved to be effective in feature extraction and representation. This paper presents multilevel wavelet decomposition and adaptive thresholding technique to extract shape and texture feature of the query image and to retrieve the similar images from the database. Edge detection is done using Daubechies (db2) wavelet. Zernike moments (ZM) are used to represent the shape. Efficiency of retrieval method is tested using precision and recall on Wang’s dataset.

Efficient energy conversion devices are the most important need of the hour looking at the global energy scenario. Catering to this need, better and more efficient designs are been put forward regularly. New and better methods of energy conversion are also been proposed. The use of Turbocharger in an engine is an example of the same. But the critical examination and of these devices is of utmost importance. Simulation is a tool that can reduce the efforts that need to be put in physically and can carry out virtual calculations and can respond the results too. There are various pre-programmed software that contain a variety of models that can be employed to study the parametric variation and carry out the simulation. This paper deals with study of three such turbulence models namely the k-epsilon, k-omega and the Shear Stress Transport model. A number of parameters will be considered and simulations will be carried out on all the three models with the view of determining the most suitable model among the three with the ability to provide optimum results for the study of a turbocharger turbine stator optimized for producer gas. The results will be obtained in the form of graphs and contour images which will be studied to determine the most suitable model for further use. Based on the results, suitable conclusion will be drawn and stated towards the end.

The inhibition effect of turmeric extract on Cu corrosion in 0.5N HCl acid has been studied by impedance, Polarisation, Cyclic-Voltametry and FTIR techniques between the 303K to 333 K. The inhibition efficiency increased with the concentration of turmeric extract. The corrosion rate increased with the increase in temperature and it redused when the extract is mearged in solution. The adsorption of extract on metal surface is obeying Langmur’s and Temkin’s isotherm. The thermodynamic data and results of other technique found that the rate of corrosion is redused.

This descriptive - analytical study using a document library and field studies aimed at identifying areas of effective In formation and development of strategies to deal with violence and consequently predicts took the field in 1391(2012). Violence tends to be short, areas are divided into four categories, this area include: Biological, psychological, social and cultural rights Most significant trends in the social context of violence and the social dimension, Structural disparities major role in people's attitudes to violence, especially violence and individual and group social uprisings. The main tool to deal with violence in society in terms of social trends, strategies that aim to reduce the level of structural disparities And the political and economic practices largely into two categories fit. In addition, specific skills training, life skills training, especially for handling anger plays a key role in curbing the violence. The practice of religious teachings and rituals can help people more effectively with stressful situations likely to be encountered.

A properly formed strategy in an organization helps determine the appropriate courses of action for achieving organizational objectives and purpose by performing a series of steps in sequential order (Thompson, Gamble, and Strickland, 2006). Despite this, various organizations are meeting challenges in their environments of operation leading them to restrategise their business operations. Compton (2004) points out challenges that are not limited to increased business complexity, changing customer’s preferences, technological changes and CSR expectation of the customers. As a result of this, it becomes a challenge for businesses, including the Sugar Manufacturing Firms (SMFs) to attain productivity and at the same time maintain performance levels that are suitable.

The growing population puts municipalities under pressure in managing waste The challenging task is to protect the environment and natural resources through waste management programs. If the sources are dumped in the landfill without sending it for treatment, the life span of dumping yard will not sustain. Hence a careful planning is required in carrying out these activities to accomplish this in a optimal way.

In recent years, the food industries experts have drawn their attention toward using high frequency ultrasound waves in producing processes. The main part of these equipments is the ultrasonic probe which called sonotrode. The performance of ultrasonic equipments depends on properly design of sonotrode shape. In this study, four methods were used to design the ultrasonic probes for use in food and chemical industries. Two types of probes, namely, step type and cylindrical type were considered and the related calculations for the both types of probes were performed based on the four design methods. For both of the cylindrical and step type probes, the length of the designed probe was equal to half of the ultrasonic wavelength. Modal analysis of the models were determined by the numerical simulation using finite element method (FEM) design procedures. The results showed that although the probe material does not affect vibration amplitude, it can affect stress distribution along the probe. In the cylindrical type probe, the maximum stress raised in the middle part of probe, whilst in the step type probe, regardless of design probe, the maximum stress was occurred in the surface variation location. Based on the results, to design a probe, it should be noted that the maximum created stress in the probe must not exceed the yield stress of the selected material.