Archives-June... 

 Harvesting rainwater has been adapted in many countries since early times. Water is a major problem at Arusha Technical College (ATC) during summer, thus proper preservation during rainy season could reduce water shortage. This paper aims at evaluating the possibility of rainwater harvesting using storage tanks systems to reduce problem of water shortage and reducing cost of water. Published literatures and information on water preservation from different households was collected in this research. Findings show that the use of storage tanks system in rainwater harvesting increases the efficiency to reserve water in households and thus resulting into using the water storage for many days compared to dependence on urban water supply. It is proposed that the authority should introduce use of storage tanks systems in harvesting and preserving rainwater for use at ATC. 

The detoxifying effect of Vitamin C in the graded levels of Fumonisin B1 fed to bird was conducted with One hundred and five (105) point-of-lay Isa brown breed at 18 weeks and twenty-one (21) cocks at 25 weeks to access egg qualities and embryonic development of their eggs. The birds (layers) were assigned to Seven (7) dietary treatments of 15 birds each at three (3) birds per replicate. The treatments were classified according to inclusion level of Fumonisin B1 and Vitamin C. Treatment A served as the control, B (10 mg/kg of FB1), C (20 mg/kg of FB1), D (30 mg/kg of FB1), E (10 mg/kg of FB1 + Vitamin C), F (20 mg/kg of FB1 + Vitamin C), and G (30mg/kg of FB1 + Vitamin C). The birds were artificially fertilised with semen collected from intact cocks. All the eggs collected from day three (3) after artificial insemination for seven (7) days were incubated to assess the egg fertility and monitor the development of resulting embryos at 7 and 14 days. A significant difference was observed in shell weight (p?0.05) while other external qualities of eggs examined were not significantly (p?0.05) influenced by the level of fumonisin B1. Yolk height and yolk diameter had significance (p?0.05) while other internal qualities were not significantly (p?0.05) affected. No significant effect of FB1 was observed for the embryonic development just as there was no difference between the selected embryos of the treated group and the control. Meanwhile, the result shows that Vitamin C can effectively ameliorate the toxic effect of the FB1 on the egg qualities (external and internal) and embryonic development of eggs. 

This research discusses the English listening comprehension problems of university international students from China. The research used a qualitative method to collect data from three China’s students taking English Listening Comprehension (ELC) in University Sains Malaysian (USM). This study is a research report related to the problems encounter by China’s students in ELC learning. Interview was conducted to investigate students’ perspective through the main question concerning the problems from the China’s students in their ELC self-learning process in three steps, which is the pre-listening, while-listening and post-listening. Findings from this study indicated that the main problem faced by the China’s students was the lack of prior knowledge in English vocabulary, this inhibit their understanding in the listening process. Moreover, the differences in the ascent of the native speakers prohibit the proper understanding of the listening content, the short span of concentration, and the learning habit of China’s students were discussed as the problems of the ELC learning. This enhances the data availability and the interpretative analysis. In order to validate the data and the analysis, researcher experiences and documents analysis were conducted. This research laid a good foundation for further research; it provided useful information concerning the effective strategies to enhance students’ listening skills and will improve the instruction of English listening class to achieve the win-win situation.

Mobile Ad hoc Wireless Network is a collection of wireless mobile node forming a temporary network without the support of any predefined infrastructure using the unlicensed radio spectrum frequency of Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) band as per the standard of IEEE.802.11. In Mobile Ad hoc Networks, all devices have equal status and are free to associate with any other Ad hoc Network. Ad hoc mode can be deployed anywhere easily without requiring major infrastructure. It is a decentralized network. Users are mobile in this network and can access data from anywhere. In Ad hoc wireless mode, from source node to destination node requires help of other nodes presents in the vicinity of a node. Nodes behave as a source and destination and as a router or intermediate node which forward data for other nodes . Routing becomes on the most complicated challenges prevailing in Ad hoc Wireless Networks. Routing is based on multi hop and so no default route is available .Traditional classification of Ad hoc network routing is table driven and on-demand driven protocols. Table driven routing protocols try to maintain consistent, up-to-date routing information from each node to every other node. Energy is considered as a vital resource that needs to be preserved in order to extend the life time and stability of the Ad hoc Wireless Networks. In particular, mobility changes network connectivity and it can reduce the stability of the link of nodes and it can reduce the performance of throughput. In order to overcome these issues in Ad hoc Wireless Networks, Optimization techniques are proposed. Routing protocols has two noteworthy arrangements are unipath and multipath. The current work assesses execution of an on-demand multipath routing protocol called Adhoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing. This paper suggests an energy-aware Genetic Algorithm (GA) based Multipath Routing. GA has been referred as one of the meta-heuristic strategies applied to take care of the optimization issues utilizing the simulation of the conduct of the hereditary operators. Simulation results shown the high accuracy and quality of the suggested technique for the optimization strategies performed by the Genetics Algorithm.

In the present study, a simple and convenient synthesis of CaAl2O4 nanoparticle was reported. The static renewal bioassay was conducted to determine the lethal toxicity of CaAl2O4 nanoparticle and sublethal exposure reveals the effect of nanoparticle on the haematology and biochemical parameters of the test species Cyprinus carpio. The acute toxicity (96hrs LC50) of CaAl2O4 NPs was observed between 25- 225ppm. As a novel attempt, our study showed the impact of CaAl2O4 nanoparticles in acute toxicity and biochemical parameters of freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio.

The aim of this research is to create the portfolio of efficient companies using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique to gain a return beyond the average return of market. For this purpose, input-oriented and output-oriented models were used under constant returns to scale (CCR) and variable returns to scale (BCC). Also, in this research the hypothesis “the portfolio composed of small companies has a better performance than the average of industry” was discussed. The results of the research indicate that in case of using CCR method, it is not possible to gain a return beyond the average return of market; however, it is possible to do so if BCC method is used. The performance of the portfolio created using this method was also appropriate. In the end, the portfolio composed of small companies had the return beyond the average return of market and had an appropriate performance.

Ignoring sustainable basis of Iran's traditional architecture and different factors which affect it caused many parts of the forgotten structures to be destroyed. Although all the phylosephical and religious elements which are water, air, light, and soil have been used in the best way in the traditional architecture of Iran's city, aerodynamics and hydrolics from wind and water were the most employed useful energies, which were very efficiently used in the windmills and watermills, in Iran' traditional architecture. The type of materials, structural techniques, and elements, which were used to keep these structures firm, were of high quality to sustain in the environment and they could adapt the man-made structures to the beautiful environment, in comparison with the existing materials. In addition, they could preserve the environment goodness. Windmills, which were built to benefit from 120-day winds of Sistan Province, are of the best examples of using natural powers. Some of the Iran's windmills are as old as 2800 years. Also, some historians consider the watermills to be around 1700 years old. The watermills can only be found in a limited number of areas, as their rotation require powerful and continuous flow of a river like Dez River. The method of the current research is of descriptive-analytical type. Data gathering was done in libraryand fieldwork methods. Following the study of the history of different windmills and Dezfoul watermills, we investigated the quotations from tourists, the books which have been remained from that time, and the belief of indigenous people to find the place, application, and the architecture of these wind and water mills. At the end, we concluded that the recognition of such examples of architecture can be a guide to build a comfortable environment, which is in harmony with the existing global organization. Thus, the values of traditional architecture and the traditions of environmental values of Iran's architecture have the potentiality to make an efficient use of energy and to reap reward from the ecological powers, specifically sustainable and harmless energy. For this reason, some examples of windmills and watermills were studied and their architectures were invesitigated. To preserve such precious historic remnants can be a center for attracting tourism and can bethe signs of cultural, articstics, and historical progress of a nation, which express its creativity and adaptability to nature in an excellent way.

Water in India is primarily a state subject. Water is the main part of our life. It is a fact that if water is used there will be waste. So the waste water generation will never stop. In construction industry concrete being the most widely construction material used, uses most of the water. In construction industry water is used for mixing, aggregate washing, curing of concrete and for washing concrete related mechanical machines. Also water is used for domestic purposes. So as said above when we use water, waste water is produced. And due to this waste water there is a great environmental impact.The present work deals with the results of experimental investigations on waste water used in concrete. Effect of these different types of waste water on various strengths of concrete are studied. Various strengths considered for investigation are compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile. Cube of size 150 mm for compressive strength, beams of size 100 mm X 150 mm X 700 mm for flexural strength, Cylinder dia 150 mm and 300 mm length for Split tensile strength were cast. Results were observe and comparison of results of concrete with that of water showed the significant improvements in the results of various strengths like as compressive strength, flexure strength and splitting strength with different types of waste water.

The purpose of this research was to find out the actual reasons behind turnover in commercial banks in the county of Mombasa and its damaging effects on the productivity of banks in Kenya. Commercial Banks play a very big key role in controlling the economic activity of a country, as the Central Bank of Kenya implements monetary policy with the help of commercial banks. Collectively, Kenya?s banks contribute more than Ksh.1.2 billion every year through their social investment programmes (corporate social responsibility). Moreover, as one of the largest contributors to tax revenue in Kenya, the banking industry directly impacts the country?s economic development, including the key sectors of education, health, transport, energy, communications and agriculture. The industry is most certainly a force for good that strikes the balance between growth and positive impact. Commercial banks in Kenya today are facing a high employee turnover which can prove costly in this sector. Due to this turnover the organization results in loss of production and an increase in the recruitment costs. Literature review looked into two theories that informed the study i.e. Maslow Hierarchy of Needs and System Theory. Empirical review highlighted Factors Determining Staff Turnover in Organization, Effects of Employee Turnover and Banking Industry in Kenya a conceptual framework was proposed to guide the study. The primary objective of this study is to determine the factors that determine staff turnover within the commercial banks and how it affects staff performance.

Adverse birth outcomes, comprising low birth weight, maternal mortality, infant mortality, premature births, and stillbirth continue to pose a serious challenge in Kenya. Although a number of factors influencing adverse birth outcomes have been documented, not much is known on the factors contributing to adverse birth outcomes in Kibra. The main objective of this study was to assess the factors influencing adverse birth outcomes in Kibra. The specific objectives were: to identify the socio-demographic; obstetric emergencies that contribute to adverse birth outcomes; and to determine the health facility factors that contribute to women’s vulnerability to adverse birth outcomes. The study used a cross sectional research design and targeted women of reproductive age (15-49). Purposive sampling was used to select the study site and simple random sampling was used to select the 384 study participants in households. Data from the households was collected using questionnaires. Key informant interviews on health facility in-charges was used to provide additional information. Data was presented using tables, graphs and cross tabulations. Chi-Square and logistic regression was used to assess the statistical association between variables. Findings showed that casual laborer’s had significant association with adverse birth outcomes (still births) [OR= .159, 95% CI (.031, .816), p<0.05] (Pre-term births) [OR= 2.789, 95% CI (1.37, 5.67), p<0.05. Self-employment had significant association with adverse birth outcomes (still births) [OR=.169, 95% CI (.031, .929), p<0.05], (Pre-term births) [OR= 2.163, 95% CI (1.11, 4.22), p<0.05]. Respondents without education were associated with high adverse birth outcomes [pre-term births] [OR=.235, 95% CI (.069, .831), p= 0.021]. The respondents who had miscarriage in previous pregnancies were more likely to experience adverse birth outcomes [Preterm births] [OR=3.89, 95% CI (2.06, 7.39) p=0.000] still births [OR=2.09, 95% CI (1.44, 5.84) p=0.000], low birth weight [OR=3.24, 95% CI (1.74, 6.05) p=0.000] and neonatal death [OR=3.39, 95% CI (1.63, 7.03) p=0.000]. Respondents who attended the public health facility had higher risk of experiencing adverse birth outcomes [Still births] [OR= 3.500, 95%CI (1.24, 9.86), p-value =0.018]. Findings from the study will be used to inform local interventions to reduce adverse birth outcomes.