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Whiteflies are very common in study areas and the experiments were conducted to study the feeding pattern of insect vector to develop control of virus transmission by understanding feeding pattern of vector. Optimum acquisition period was found to be 12 hour once the vector has acquired the virus it is able to transmit virus for as long as ten days and optimum infection feeding time is 24 hours, after which it transmit virus to other plants in intermittent manner. Even the post acquisition fasting has little effect on the efficiency of virus transmission although when post acquisition fasting was increased, decrease in efficiency of transmission is seen. Increasing the number of whiteflies per plant decrease the incubation period Virus persist in the vector for longer duration, which indicates it to be 'persistent type', virus acquisition and inoculation increases efficiency with increasing access time.

Automated inspection of weld quality is essential in any manufacturing industry. Application of digital image processing algorithms for weld quality inspection reduces production time, cost as well as inspection time. Computer aided inspection of weld quality is a non-destructive evaluation (NDE) method which ensures safe and efficient operation of equipment thereby assuring compliance with industry standards and contributing for sustainability. In this paper, a survey on various image processing techniques applied for automated weld quality inspection is performed.

Microbial adhesion is a initial and essential step for the attachment of microbes to the host tissues. Adhesion is considered as one of the microbial virulence markers. In view of finding plant based solution to prevent the bacterial adhesion, the present study was undertaken. Invitro experimental study was conducted to screen the antiadherence bioactivity of T. chebula and C. roseus extracts. Both gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains were included in this study. Tube from urine collection bag was used as substratum in the invitro sudy. Innovative Dual Invitro Model System (IDIMS) was used to perform the experiments. Tested specimens were collected and screened under light microscope. Specimens were also subjected to culture and CFUs were counted. The reduced number of bacterial cells in the specimen was recorded from the light microscopic study, and from specimen culture. Decreased number of CFUs were noted. From this we conclude that the T. chebula and C. roseus extracts (singly) as well extract combination possess antiadherence property. Hence we suggest these two plant extracts, singly or their combination can be used as antimicrobial agent to prevent the adhesion of the human pathogenic bacteria to the objects. However further established research in this field is felt essential to bringout new informations and to support our study reports.

A new series of isoxazoles (7a-f), cyanopyridines (8a-f) and pyrimidinthiones (9a-f) have been prepared from chalcones (6a-f) having s-triazine nucleus. These chalcones on cyclisation with hydroxyl amine hydrochloride in the presence of alkali and malononitrile in the presence of ammonium acetate give isoxazoles (7a-f) and cyanopyridines (8a-f) respectively. Chalcones (6a-f) on condensation with thiourea in the presence of alkali give pyrimidinthiones (9a-f). Structures of newly synthesised compounds were established on the basis of their elemental analysis, IR and 1H NMR spectral data. Antibacterial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration MIC) against Gram-positive (S. aureus MTCC 96 and S. pyogeneus MTCC 442 ) and Gram-negative (P. aeruginosa MTCC 1688 and E. coli MTCC 443) bacteria, as well as antifungal activity (MIC) against C. albicans MTCC 227, A. niger MTCC 282 and A. clavatus MTCC 1323 were determined by broth dilution method.

Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Pd(II) complexes of the Schiff base, 6-methyl-3-[[4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl]imino}methyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-ol are synthesized and characterized by microanalysis, conductance, 1H NMR, infrared and electronic spectral measurements. The ligand coordinates through the chromenol O and imine N atoms to the metal ions, and the Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes are in the trans-isomeric form as shown by IR measurements. All the complexes form as [ML2]xH2O with the exception of the Mn(II) complex which analyzed as [MLNO3]H2O. Electronic measurements are indicative of a four coordinate, tetrahedral /square-planar geometry for the complexes and none is an electrolyte in nitromethane. The antibacterial studies reveal that the Schiff base and its Cu(II) complex exhibit broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with inhibitory zones range of 11.0-13.0 mm and 10.0-16.0 mm respectively. The cytotoxic study shows that the Cu(II) complex has the best in-vitro anticancer activity against both HT-29 (colon carcinoma) and MCF-7(human breast adenocarcinoma) cells with activities of about a half (17.02 ?M), and a fifth(9.78 ?M ) that of Cis-platin respectively.

Reading is a complex process that involves the use of the cognitive, affective, psychomotor and social domains. Each of these aspects has a remarkable influence a learner’s reading skills and abilities development, hence determining a learner’s rate of reading success .The teacher plays a crucial role in developing children’s reading skills, although most learners enter school having attained some degree of phonological awareness of their L1 languages. Effective reading instruction then, requires that the teacher manipulates the cognitive, affective, psychomotor and social domains in order to develop appropriate reading competencies in early grade readers through the instructional practices chosen during instruction. This paper examines significant aspects crucial to effective reading instruction among early grade readers and their implications for early grade reading instruction in Kenya. It is hoped that this paper will provide teachers and researchers with stimulating insights in reading instruction for early grade readers in developing countries and Kenya in particular.

This paper attempts to explore the relevance of the Yoruba belief in divinities towards local government reforms in Nigeria. It further argues that elements of traditional cultural imports embedded in the Yoruba belief in divinities can be used to advance democratic development in Nigeria. The paper also looked for relationship between moral value and other socio-philosophical dimensions as the ‘philosophem’ for the study. The paper establishes that the idea of harmonious interaction, mutual cooperation and partnership between the divinities in traditional Yoruba metaphysics can be used to curb the problems of dictatorship, ill-distributive justice and other undemocratic practice battering the path of local government reforms and democratic development in Nigeria. In its contribution to knowledge, the paper emphasizes the practical relevance of the belief in divinities in traditional Yoruba metaphysics as means for understanding, regulating and sustaining democratic development in Nigeria

This paper analysed the causes, genesis, development, and nature of migrant labour among the Nandi of Kenya. It employed the Materialism approach, the Pull-push theory, a qualitative design, purposive sampling, and one hundred respondents. It found out that land alienation, colonial land policy, the creation of African reserves, land scarcity in reserves, taxation system, changes in local production and trade, the population explosion in reserves. Also, forced-labour, colonial administration, sore relationships, prestige, selfish attitudes and poverty, pass system, veterinary quarantine and a decrease in wages and prices of stock contributed to labour migration among the Nandi.

Streptococcus mutans (s. mutans) and Streptococcus sanguis(S.sanguis) are two important bacteria of the oral microflora. S. mutans is the most important cause of dental caries and S. sanguis is one of the major bacteria that play an important role in formation of microbial plaque. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of cigar and cigarette smoke on the growth of streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sanguis. The standard strains of s.mutans (ATCC25175) and sanguis(ATCC10550) were cultured on blood agar and incubated for 48h in different environments: atmospheric air, microaerophillic, carbon dioxide, cigar and three type of cigarette smoke (Winston ,ultralight Winston and kent). Then digital photographs of the colonies were taken and the diameter of the colonies was measured. Data were analyzed using post hoc and general linear model statistical tests. Both cigar and cigarette smoke significantly increased the growth of s.mutans and s.snguis (p=0/000). In almost all environments except cigar smoke, the growth of s.mutans was more than s.sanguis. The diameter of s.mutans colonies in dioxide ,microaerophilic, cigar and cigarette smoke (Winston,ultra light wniston and kent) showed in order: 82%, 65%, 69%, 106%, 92% increase and the diameter of s.sanguis showed in order: 45%, 53%, 137%, 89%, 40%, 55% increase. These findings indicate that cigarette smoke increases the s.mutans/s.sanguis ratio but cigar smoke decreases this ratio.

In today’s dynamic business environment, the ability to improve business performance is a critical requirement for any organization. The importance of real time access has continually risen, based on Internet development and growing sources of information. As a result, firms collected huge quantities of data & relative new business tools in their effort to understand their business evolution, enhance their performance and create a strong relationship with the employees, clients and partners. The use of information systems has led to the recognition of the importance of quality management in the competitive environment. However, only few companies have taken actions to measure and enhance the quality of information& technology. One of the main attributes that a company with good efficiency could have is that it could expand the information & technology services from its business strategies, goals and needs. The main objective of this paper is to present relationship between objective, decision and performance for all hierarchical levels within a company, by identifying key factors and performance indicators, and present information tools that support performance management and decision making.