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Tobacco use is the leading cause of mortality all over the world. Smokeless tobacco contains higher quantities of nicotine than most cigarettes. Over the past few decades the use of tobacco among women of reproductive ages has increased. Exposure to the toxins present in the tobacco interferes with the endometrial receptivity, endometrial angiogenesis and uterine blood flow. 30 adult female Swiss albino rats were randomly selected. They were divided into three groups (n=10 each). Group A was kept as control. Experimental groups B&C consisted of rats which were given 5 % & 10% of smokeless tobacco in their feed respectively. Feed and water were given ad libitum. On 31stday the animals were sacrificed. Uterus of all the animals were removed and weighed. The tissues were processed for histological examination under light microscopy using H & E and Trichrome stains. A significant decrease in the weight of the uterus was observed (P value ? 0.001). The histological changes in the uterus of experimental groups revealed severe cystically dilated sub mucosal glands. Endometrial glands also showed marked atrophy (P value ? 0.001). From this study it can be concluded that the smokeless form of tobacco causes adverse effects on the endometrium of the female Swiss albino rats. Long term use of this form of tobacco may lead to adverse reproductive outcomes or other pathological conditions of uterus.

This paper provides analysis of household characteristics based on micro-level household data of 2004-05 by the Federal Bureau of Statistics (FBS) Islamabad. The cross tabulation analysis of household characteristics and homeownership shows that homeowners as compared to renters are in a better living condition. They have a better quality of houses as well as number of rooms for living is greater than those of non-homeowners are. Electricity connection as a quality indicator for homeownership is the most common utility whereas gas and telephone is the least common. It is also seen that there is no significant difference between renters and homeowners in regard to type of toilets available in houses. In all three areas urban, rural and overall Pakistan, homeownership rate increases as age increases. The analysis shows weak relationship between educational level of household head and homeownership rates. The occupation of the household head has no significant effect on homeownership rate. The households headed by divorced and widowed heads have higher rates of homeownership as compared to the other two categories (currently married and never married).

The biggest challenge for the banking industry is to tangibilize the intangible banking experience. One way of overcoming this challenge is creation of strong brands. In a highly competitive marketing environment, brands are regarded as an important source of capital. The contribution of brands has been appreciated in enhancing the market value of firms and hence this necessitates valuing them. The market value of firm can be determined by its market capitalization. Market Capitalization (Market Cap) quantifies business value on the basis of share price and number of shares outstanding. It generally reflects the market's view of a firm’s stock value. The current study examined the relationship between brand value and market performance of banks by using the market capitalization of global bank brands to test whether strong brands outperform the market. A bank is considered a brand if it is included in the annually published Brand finance Top 100 Brands ranking list. The sampling frame constituted the 100 best global bank brands listed by Brand Finance, a leading brand valuation agency. The data of Brand value and market capitalization was collected from the report of Brand Finance Banking 500 published in 2013. Correlation and Regression analysis was applied to analyze the relationship between branding and market capitalization. It is concluded that Brand value has significant impact on market capitalization of banks. Market Cap is indispensable in banking business because it is an effective measure to transmit information to the investors about the stock volatility.

The Madarsa system of education has been an important institution for education in India. However, the relevance of the system to import education as per the changing needs of the society has been still a debate topic in India. The majority of the Muslim girls are illiterate and low educated while their living conditions are poor. Moreover, most of the Muslim families cannot afford modern education and thus they are forced to send their wards to traditional educational institutions where fee charges are normal or free education is being provided. Which also correlates imdirectly to their quality of life. The government has realize the weakness of the system in terms of expediently to provide education to Muslim children which relevant from day to day needs of the society as result government has initiative Madrasa modernization programme. Many Scholorship and fellowship programmes have been redesigned to bring it at par with mainstream educational system in the country. Scholarships to the students of Madrasas are being provided to enhance their goodself. In the light of these facts the present study is designed to explore the impact of financial aid as scholarships on educational attainment & quality of life amongst muslim adolescent girls in Madrasas. The present study is empirical in nature and based on mainly primary data. The field survey has been conducted in 3 districts of Uttar Pradesh. The sample covers Gonda, Rampur and Aligarh districts from Uttar Pradesh. In each Institution 15 scholarship awarded students have been randomly selected and interviewed. The sample size includes 3 districts, 20 Institutions and 300 adolescent girls. Our survey highlights that the scholarships significantly affect the educational attainment and their quality of life. Government tried their best to enhance the educational standard of Muslim girls. For this purpose government initiated scholarship programmes to uplift the status of Muslim adolescent girls in the society.

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif, 2013-14 at Main Agricultural Research Station to study the impact of intercropping on sucking pests and their natural enemies in Bt cotton. The results showed that the sucking pests were significantly lower on cotton under intercropping system than sole crop. Among the different intercrops, cotton intercropped with cowpea (1:2) was the best intercropping system which recorded less incidence of leafhopper (2.75/3 leaves), thrips (4.66/leaves) and whitefly (1.03/3 leaves) with more number of natural enemies followed by the cotton intercropped with coriander (1:2) and greengram (1:2). However, cotton + beans was significantly superior in recording the highest total yield (20.46 q/ha) followed by cotton + okra (16.86 q/ha) and cotton + cowpea (16.42 q/ha).

This paper describes key aspects of the informal employment - its size and composition, its linkages with working poverty and provides more complete picture of the dimensions of informal employment in Pakistan using data of Labour Force Survey since 1999-2009. The data show that informal employment in the country is the result of the economy’s inability to create sufficient numbers of quality jobs to absorb increasing labour force. Compared to 3.4 average annual growth rates of labour force from 1999-2009, the informal sector employment growth rate is 3.6. As a result, share of formal sector employment shrunk from 34% to 26% in case of males and from 34.3% to 27% in case of females. Data further reveal that out of roughly 48.2 million employed people in 2009, about three fourth of them are in informal employment i.e. 37.0 million. The agriculture sector alone absorbs 54.4 percent of the informal employment. The distribution of status in informal employment shows large proportions of own account workers and contributing family workers in informal employment. It is shown that in 2009, more than one third (44.3 per cent) of all informal employed workers in Pakistan work as own-account workers and about one third (35.3 percent) as contributing family workers. Presence of a large informal employment is, in a way challenge to policy makers to consider improved working conditions, legal and social protection of the people employed in the informal economy and implementation of the appropriate regulatory frame work, developing training and skills, etc. To increase job quantity and quality, the emphasis should be placed on investing in people, especially the most vulnerable – in their education, skills training, lifelong learning, health and safety – and encouraging their entrepreneurial initiative.

Socio-cultural factors are the facts and experiences that influence an individual's personality, attitudes and lifestyle. In some societies, women’s participation in tree growing can be hampered by traditions, beliefs, norms and taboos. The main objective of this study was determination of the socio-cultural factors that influence women’s participation in tree growing in Siaya County, Kenya. A cross - sectional survey design was used with 120 household respondents, 40 key informants, 4 women groups and the Luo council of Elders. Instruments used were; structured questionnaire, interview schedule and interview guide. Data was analysed using both descriptive and coefficient of multiple correlations at 0.05 confidence level. 95% of title deeds are in the names of males, 1.8% of females (all of them were widows) and 3.2% had the names. R2 is 4%, standardized beta coefficient of the same indicates -0.201 and p-value significance is 0.028. On traditions, 48.3% either disagreed or strongly disagreed, 50% of the respondents agreed or strongly agreed, 1.7% could not decide. Key informants, women groups and Luo Council of elders agree that traditions and beliefs influence. R2 is 3.6%, standardized beta coefficient, -0.191 and p-value is 0.037. In conclusion, land tenure, traditions/customs and beliefs/norms are socio-cultural factors influencing participation of women. More efforts should be put to sensitize the community members the need to have attitudinal change as regards women in tree growing for increased land cover.

In this paper, we study some of the properties of (?, ?)-level subsets of bipolar valued fuzzy subsemiring and prove some results on these.

Countries around the world have showed great efforts in promoting and improving the effectiveness of services given. Malaysia government required all public agencies in this country to strive to achieve ISO certification in order to developed high and consistent quality based on the principle of right the first time and all the time through documentation of policies and procedures. The issue on public service that does not meet the customer expectation has always been as an interesting topic and discussion. Until now, public sector is still trying to improve the facilities in order to meet customer satisfaction. To explore the differences between expected and perceived service quality towards publics Service delivery in Majlis Perbandaran Sungai Petani Kedah (MPSPK), a study was conducted on each individual that received service delivery in the public agency. The results of the study indicated that the overall service quality provided by the MPSPK was below customers’ expectations. Tangible was rated as the most important dimension followed by understanding customer, empathy, reliability and communication.

We have given in this paper a fairly decent introduction to the importance of the study of centrality measures of distance graphs. We have discussed at length several concepts with a number of interesting examples and highlighted interesting results. Then, the scope of practical applicability of these concepts is also indicated.