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Text messaging or texting is the process of sending short messages usually 160 characters from a mobile phone. The first text message was sent during 1989 but the arrival of the text message in the public domain was in 1992. This technology has brought a new style of writing called text messaging -or txtng- which is generally defined as shortening of the words. Not only all languages with Roman alphabet (like English) can use txtng, but also non-Roman-alphabetic languages like Persian have some form of texting language. For English, the general rule of texting is omitting the vowels but since Persian does not follow this rule, the process is rather different. The texting style in Persian is more like misspelling of words. Although texting in English is treated as misspelling as well, according to recent studies by researchers at Coventry University and the University of Toronto, English texting improves literacy. This paper aims to find the effects of texting on writing and literacy of Iranian. To this end, 60 Persian speakers -adults and teenagers- were asked to participate. After the analysis of their writings, we found that text messaging has a direct negative impact on the writing dictation and style of the writer.

The effects of stress ratio on the fatigue crack propagation of the 6061 T6 alloy aluminum with a thickness of 5 mm were investigated at room temperature. The fatigue crack growth rates were studied at stress ratios of 0.1with stress range, Ds=80 MPa using centre cracked-tension specimen M (T). The results are expressed in term of crack tip stress intensity factor range that was derived from linear elastic theory. From the collected data, the fatigue crack growth versus stress intensity factor range was plotted. It was obtained that the overall stress intensity factor range is within 6 to 19.5 MPaÖ m, and the value of fatigue crack growth rate is within 10^-7 to 10^-3 mm/cycle. For R=0.1 the stress intensity factor range is within 8 to 19.5 MPaÖ m, and the value of fatigue crack growth rate is within 10^-6 to 10^-4 mm/cycle. Finally, the value of (m) and (C) were determined from the graph using the Paris Law equation. The results showed that the increase in continuous crack length and load cycle will result to the acceleration of fatigue crack growth. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to check the microscopic of fractured surface. From the fractography analysis, the material fails in ductile fracture. Hopefully this collection data’s will used as reference to the next researcher.

In spite of its popularity, the Big Five Personality has been criticized for being too descriptive to provide a theoretical model of personality. The current study aims to investigate the extent to which personality and demographic variables contribute to motivation, competitiveness and job satisfaction as defined by measuring their personality, work motivation and satisfaction. This paper shows that conscientiousness and job status were both significant predictors of job satisfaction. All acknowledgement that individual differences can affect the success of an intervention, may contribute to the design of effective work reorganisation schemes that are better suited to the employees they seek to benefit. Originality. The value of this paper was that it looked at how personality and demographic factors may influence work motivation, level of competitiveness and work satisfaction.

In this paper, the Riemann Zeta function is presented as a function with real and imaginary parts. Thus we are able to evaluate By writing as a bilinear function, and through the use of Sobolev space theorem, an optimization problem with a variable coefficient is derived. Some methods of solution are presented.

The paper focuses on the struggle of women who aspire to be independent, achieve distinct position for herself and to get education, freedom and identity in the society. Manju Kapur's A Married Woman highlights Astha's struggle and survival as a new woman insisting on liberation from patriarchal social structure and thinking. She emerges as a free woman, destroying the chain of tradition. Kapur thus portrays the woman from different angle by placing her in the midst of socio-economic struggles.

The present study is an attempt to provide evidence for the Self-Teaching Hypothesis according to which phonological recoding supports learners’ achieving word recognition skills and keeping in mind the connections amongst pronunciation, spelling, and meaning of new words in reading. For this purpose, 46 Iranian EFL learners (2 classes of 12 to 15 years old) were randomly selected. These learners were given 6 to 8 sentence long texts and in each text an unknown vocabulary item was underlined and repeated 2 times. Participants in the experimental condition were asked to read the text silently but the underlined word aloud and those in the control condition were asked to read the text (including the new words) silently. After this experiment learners were tested on text recall, spelling, and meaning of new words. The results show significant gains for the experimental group on spelling and meaning of new words. Pedagogical implications of this finding will be discussed at the end.

In this paper, a deterministic mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases among infants in a vaccinated and temporary recovered population is proposed. Although the equilibria of the model could not be expressed in closed forms, the existence and threshold conditions for their stabilities are theoretically investigated. The standard dynamical modelling methods are used for analyzing the behaviours of the solutions both at the disease free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium. In addition, the conditions of the parameters for the disease free and endemic states are obtained through the basic reproductive number. The results of this study guide the way to reduce the disease outbreak among the infants.

Cognitive radios hold tremendous promise for increasing spectral efficiency in wireless systems. The spectrum sensing problem has gained new aspects with cognitive radio and opportunistic spectrum access concepts. It is one of the most challenging issues in cognitive radio systems. A cognitive radio is an intelligent wireless communication device that exploits side information about its environment to improve spectrum utilization. Spectrum shortage was born the idea for cognitive radios. These devices utilize advanced radio and signal processing technology along with novel spectrum allocation policies to support new wireless users operating in the existing crowded spectrum, without degrading the performance of entrenched users. In this paper we present a Cognitive Radio approach for usage of Virtual Unlicensed Spectrum , a vision of a Cognitive Radio (CR) based approach that uses allocated spectrum in a opportunistic manner to create “virtual unlicensed bands” i.e. bands that are shared with the primary (often licensed) users on a non-interfering basis. Dynamic spectrum management techniques are used to adapt immediate local spectrum availability. One of the most important components of the cognitive radio concept is the ability to measure, sense, learn, and be aware of the parameters related to the radio channel characteristics, availability of spectrum and power, radio’s operating environment, user requirements and applications, available networks (infrastructures) and nodes, local policies and other operating restrictions. In cognitive radio terminology, primary users can be defined as the users who have higher priority or legacy rights on the usage of a specific part of the spectrum.

The rapid growth of the internet and the World Wide Web has led to the development of pharmacoinformatics technologies to assist oncology healthcare professionals in delivering optimum pharmaceutical care and health related outcomes. There is an increasing recognition that information technology can be effectively used for drug discovery. The work in pharmacoinformatics can be broadly divided into two categories - scientific aspects and service aspects. The scientific component deals with the drug discovery and development activities, whereas the service oriented aspects are more patient centric. Pharmacoinformatics subject feeds on many emerging information technologies like neuroinformatics, immunoinformatics, biosystem informatics, metabolomics, chemical reaction informatics, toxicoinformatics, cancer informatics, genome informatics, proteome informatics, biomedical informatics, The minimizing the time between a drug‘s discovery and its delivery to the marketplace and maintaining high productivity in the manufacturing processes. During a product‘s lifecycle many complex decisions must be made to achieve these goals. To better support the development and manufacturing processes at each stage, we have proposed a new epitome to facilitate the management and transfer of data information and knowledge. In future these information technology efforts are expected to grow both in terms of their reliability and scope. Thus, this emerging technology (pharmacoinformatics) is becoming an essential component of pharmaceutical sciences.

The issue of teacher supply and demand amidst the call to meet Universal Primary Education (UPE) remains one of the critical issues facing developing countries today. The problem is compounded by a number of factors that vary from region to region. The main purpose of this study was to examine the factors influencing teacher supply and demand in Old Kajiado District in Kenya. The study employed survey research design. Stratified simple random sampling procedure was used to arrive at forty two (42) schools and head teachers respectively, one hundred and seventy one (171) teachers and nine (9) staffing officers. Questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect data. Data were analysed with the help of SPSS version 16.5 for windows. The study revealed that there a number of key factors that influenced teacher supply and demand in the District. These included policy related issues on staffing, deployment and transfers. Other particular issues were hardships in terms of harsh climatic conditions, poor infrastructure, poor teacher facilities and cultural related issues like perception of women professionals. The study suggests participatory approach in addressing the problem of teacher supply and demand which may differ from one place to another.