Archives-March 2016

Late colonization of baited hives is a serious problem facing apicultural industry in tropical countries. Towards providing practical solution to this problem, three methods of artificial colony division were experimented in Ogbomoso, Nigeria, using top bar hives. Hives with strong and active colonies (aged > 12 months) were used as Mother Colony and were divided into new hives tagged Daughter colony. Method A involved placing Daughter colony at original place of Mother Colony and taking Mother colony to a distance of 30 m away from its original position. Method B involved placing Daughter colony on top of Mother colony, maintaining original position of Mother colony but facing opposite direction. Method C involved placing Daughter colony 30 m away from its Mother colony. In each method, 3 brood combs and 4 honey combs were placed in the Daughter colony hive and the remaining space on the hive filled with empty top bars. The results indicate that Method A was the best, having no pest infestation or intruder but higher weight gain. At 2, 6 and 8 weeks after colony division, weight gain observed in Method A (3.2, 2.1 and 2.1 kg respectively) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than weight gain observed in Methods B (2.2, 0.75 and 0.65 kg) and C (1.61, 0.75 and 1.12 kg ) respectively. The pests encountered in Methods B and C were Aethina tumida, Oecophylla longinoda and Galleria melonella while Brachymeria species was the only intruder encountered in the study.

The phytochemical analysis of mechanically extracted castor (Ricinus communis L.) seed oil (CSO) was carried out using gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GCMS). A total of seven compounds {oleic acid (54.97%), stearic acid (16.53%), palmitic (10.35%), ricinoleic (9.61%), squalene (3.17%), palmitin, 1, 3-di- (3%) and octadecanoic acid (2.37%) } were identified from the spectra. The ability of CSO to protect bambara groundnut seed against Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius was also evaluated under laboratory conditions (26±2°C temperature and 75±5% relative humidity). Percentage repellency was concentration-depedendent, with 13.07% observed in the control being significantly (p<0.05) lower than percentage repellency observed in other treatments. Contact toxicity increased with exposure period. At 2 hours after treatment (HAT), mortality of C. maculatus was significantly higher (p<0.05) at 1.0µl/ beetle than the control. When CSO was applied at 0.5 µl/ beetle, the LT50 value was 0.59 (0.25-0.83) h. Percentage mortality of C. maculatus in bambara groundnut treated with CSO increased with concentration. The LD50 against C. maculatus was 0.14 (0.05-0.22) µl per 50 grams seeds. Application of CSO at the rate of 0.7- 1.5 µl per 50 g bambara groundnut seed gave significantly (p<0.05) higher percentage oviposition inhibition rate than what were obtained in methanol-treated and untreated controls. Percentage seed damage (4.74%) observed in 1.5 µl/ 50 g was significantly (p<0.05) lower than 15.26 and 17.66 % observed in methanol-treated and untreated control respectively. The results obtained indicate that CSO could be used to control Callosobruchus maculatus in stored bambara groundnut.

ABSTRACT Background The Acquired Immune-deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is principally a sexually transmitted disease. Medical scientists agree that Human Immune-deficiency virus (HIV) cause the syndrome. Currently, 80% of HIV positive people in Africa acquired it through sexual intercourse. Ten percent are infected through blood transfusion donated by HIV positive people, and 10% through contact of blood in circulation system with HIV contaminated objects like shaving blades, injection needles and other objects used in piercing the body for medical, cosmetic and other purpose 1.The new face of Human Immune Virus (HIV)/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has earned it a recognition as a social problem due to the associated devastating social and cultural consequences on the individual and the society at large. As such, the pandemic needs to be given adequate social and cultural exploration for the purpose of designing effective prevention programmes. This becomes important, as there may be cultural variations that need to be understood before an effective programme could be designed. Objectives: The main objective of the review was to determine the socio-cultural factors associated with HIV/AIDS transmission. Methods: The review was conducted using PEN-3 Cultural model as a guide, electronic search of published literature using Pub Med database, Medline and data collected from national HIV sero-prevalence sentinel survey 2010. The bulk of the secondary data used in this review was also sourced from the reports of the Federal Ministry of Health, National Agency for the Control AIDS and the National Population Commission of Nigeria. Results: The findings of this review highlighted that gender inequalities, polygamous marriage, early marriage, widow inheritance, multiple sexual practices, alcohol/drug, harmful cultural/traditional practices, stigma and taboo influence HIV/AIDS prevalence in Nigeria. Data from the national sentinel survey was used to produce various graphs to show the trend of HIV/AIDS at national level, state level, urban and rural areas and various age groups. Conclusion: In conclusion HIV/AIDS is a social problem associated with human development process, thus solutions to the problem should focus on the entire development of the society. Necessary to understand are various socio cultural factors of HIV/AIDS highlighted with the view of educating the people.

This paper explores the detail implementation & experimental analysis of Advanced Network Intrusion Detection & Pretension System (ANIDPS). This advanced system mines anomalous traffic episodes from internet connection and reduced false positive rate by providing detection of 1. Known Intrusion using misuses or signature based Intrusion Detection System (IDS) by finding known intrusion or attack from existing intrusion signature database. 2. Unknown Intrusion using potentials of anomaly based Intrusion Detection System (IDS) If one of the intrusion detected mention above, system generate alert and apply the prevention policies to avoid further massive damaged to credentials, resources of the organization. Further this system generates new intrusion signature from Unknown Intrusion & store them back into signature database to speedup detection capability of this system in next computation. In this system the data mining approach is used to handle large amount of data captured in the internet, to improve its execution time & to give fast response to network administrator for prevention of data resource with minimum user interaction. In experimental analyses, this system gives improved & effective result in comparison with existing IDS & minimize the false positive rate

In the present study, the FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 6-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione (ADHPD) have been recorded in the region 4000-400 cm-1 and 3500-50 cm-1, respectively. The fundamental modes of vibrational frequencies of ADHPD are assigned. Theoretical information on the optimized geometry, harmonic vibrational frequencies, infrared and Raman intensities were obtained by means of Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) gradient calculations with complete relaxation in the potential energy surface using 6-311+G(d,p) basis set. The vibrational frequencies which were determined experimentally from the spectral data are compared with those obtained theoretically from ab intio HF and DFT/B3LYP calculations. A close agreement was achieved between the observed and calculated frequencies by refinement of the scale factors. The predicted first hyperpolarizability also shows that the molecule might have a reasonably good non-linear optical (NLO) behaviour. The calculated HOMO-LUMO energy gap reveals that charge transfer occurs within the molecule. Unambiguous vibrational assignment of all the fundamentals was made using the total energy distribution (TED).

In this work, the experimental and theoretical vibrational spectra of 3'-nitroacetophenone [3?NAP] were studied. FTIR and FT Raman spectra were recorded in the region 4000–400 cm?1 and 4000–50 cm?1, respectively. The structural and spectroscopic data of the molecule in the ground state were calculated by using ab initio Hartree–Fock and density functional method (B3LYP) with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The vibrational frequencies were calculated and scaled values were compared with experimental FTIR and FT Raman spectra. The observed and calculated frequencies are found to be in good agreement. The complete assignments were performed on the basis of the total energy distribution (TED) of the vibrational modes, calculated with scaled quantum mechanics (SQM) method. The optimized geometric parameters were calculated. The predicted first hyperpolarizability also shows that the molecule might have a reasonably good nonlinear optical (NLO) behaviour. The calculated HOMO–LUMO energy gap reveals that the charge transfer occurs within the molecule besides, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP),

attachment location(belonging to a place) ties to physical and social environments that support and focus on individuals tied and is accompanied by other psychological benefits. however , attachment location as a strong potential in the suburban areas, neighborhood in this way is declining and neglecting. Attachment location as a tool up to now has not been used and now, neighborhoods have been proposed for revitalizing .

The main aim of present study is to examine the impact of environmental uncertainty (market ) , the investments and the quality of information available to the authority of the investments of accepted Tehran Stock Exchange listed companies , as well as the increasing introduction of a new theory named the actual authority .The investment authority in asset capital also like authority is on financial assets with the difference that these authorities appear on the real assets such as the land , building , machinery and other physical assets. By using the traditional methods of assessing projects such as the method of cash flow reduction (net present value and internal rate of return). With regard to the elements of environmental uncertainty, managerial authority and flexibility in projects and investments lead unrealistic assessment. So with regard to these drawbacks to use theory of investment authority and its effects in the value of the company and determining its value could be a great help to the better and more real assessment of projects and investments. So in case this question arises that with regard to this point that managers have such authority, how they regard the structure and the logic of investments authority in the analysis and designing their projects with a view to environmental uncertainty, the cost of investment, riskless interest rate and the quality of the information available for the company ?. For this purpose by using public formula of Cochrane a sample including 163 financial directors of the corporate (manufacturing) of Tehran Stock Exchange reviewed their views and opinions about the investments authorities. And also to analyze the data the linear regression was used. By regarding the conducted surveys it become clear that based on the above - mentioned managers points of view the independent variables ( environmental uncertainty , riskless interest rate, cost of investment and the quality of the information available ) have a significant impact on investment authority .

Knowledge management in the modern era is making dramatic changes in management issues. Knowledge management is looking to capture the knowledge, wisdom and experience with the added value of staff, and the implementation and maintenance of retrieval knowledge as an asset of the organization. The present study was aimed to investigate the relationship between knowledge management and Organizational justice. The research method used in this study is descriptive and correlational; the population of the study comprised all Government agencies Kermanshah city in this study, a sample size of 660, which finally, 104 questionnaires were collected. The sample size calculation is using Morgan, and according to the characteristics of the population, use was stratified random sampling. The instrument used in this study includes Knowledge Management and organizational justice Questionnaire, which is paid to the data collection in this research. This analysis is based on descriptive analysis and from survey branch. Information gathering means is questionnaire, and in order to organizational justice analysis Chester and Ted (2007) 20 scores questionnaire is used and for knowledge management evaluation is the 21 questions questionnaire of Proset et al. For determining acquired data Kolmogorov -Simonov test is used and results confirm data normality. Used test in this analysis are correlation spearman test, and Friedman test and with using related test confirmed research propositions; results shows that in the aim community with improving organizational justice and knowledge management in staffs is increased too, line-regression results between organizational justice and knowledge management shows that between inter knowledge management as a independent variable and organizational justice there is linearity relationship.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of using the Information Technology (IT) on financial performance of the Petrochemical companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, 164 of the staff experts of information technology and finance departments of the Petrochemical companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange have been selected as research sample by using simple random sampling method and responded to the questionnaire. The presence impact of IT with its variables together which were represented as follows (IT Knowledge, IT Operations and IT Infrastructures) in the financial performance,light of findings of study recommended a number for recommendations and notably such as providing an effective working environment in Petrochemical companies focusing on the information technology which companies are able to achieve competitive advantages.