Archives-May 2019

A graph with n vetices is said to have a prime labeling if the vertices can be labeled with first n positive integers such that each pair of adjacent vertices are relatively prime. The present work in prime labeling focuses on finite simple undirected graphs, in particular on complete bipartite graphs. Our results are analogous to those stated by A. H. Berlineer et al., where they considered prime and coprime labeling of complete bipartite graphs while ours are for prime labeling of complete tripartite graphs. In our work, we have proved prime labeling for the general case K_(1,m,n), where m,n are positive integers. Further, some non-existing cases have been proved.

The level of pollution has increased with times by lot of factors like the increase in population, increased vehicle use, industrialisation and urbanisation which results in harmful effects on human being by directly affecting health of population exposed to it. IOT Based system for monitoring and controlling Air Pollution in which monitor the Air Quality at any Industry over a web server using sensors when the air quality goes down across a certain level, means when there are sufficient amount of harmful gases are present in the air like CO2, smoke, alcohol, benzene and NH3. It will show the air quality in PPM on the display screen and as well as on website so that we can handle and monitor it easily. After gathered the information about air quality, this information is send to the Air Pollution Control Officer and the owner of Industry through mail and message in order to take strict action.

Water scarcity in Sub-Saharan has led to utilization of the wastewater in home gardening and also in commercial production of vegetables. Wastewater is associated with various contaminants, including heavy metals that are toxic and life threatening to humans. It was therefore important to evaluate and quantity the levels of heavy metals in the vegetable tissues supplied with both wastewater and tap water. Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out to evaluate the uptake and accumulation of cadmium and lead in selected indigenous vegetables for two seasons from September to November 2017 and January to March 2018. The field trial was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and in the greenhouse the treatments were arranged in Complete Randomized Design (RCD) replicated three times. Two types of water sources (wastewater and tap water), two types of irrigation (foliar and root-applied) and four vegetables were the main treatments. The findings revealed that Amaranthus accumulated highest amount of lead in its tissue for the field experiments in season 1, season 2 as well as the greenhouse (3.69mg kg-1 and 4.85mgk g-1 respectively. For cadmium Kales had the highest uptake of 3.38mgkg-1, 0.639mgkg-1 and 0.36mgkg-1 in season 1, season 2 and greenhouse. Interaction effects were also reported in the two metals and the respective vegetable species. Due to high levels of contamination in the water used in irrigation could be the reason for high accumulation of the metals in the vegetable species. Proper phytoremediation measures need to be put across to improve the quality of the vegetables in the region to promote healthy living among the consumers. 

Musculoskeletal pain (MSK) is a common issue during pregnancy. Some hormonal and anatomical changes that can affect the MSK system, creating complains about MSK pain.The objectives of the study to determine the prevalence and to assess the MSK pain and its associated factors among pregnant women. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 96 pregnant women attended in a selected tertiary public hospital situated in Dhaka city. Purposive sampling technique was used and data were collected from face to face interview with a structured administered questionnaire with consideration of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Severity of MSK pain was assessed by a visual analogue scale (VAS) and data were analyzed by SPSS (Version 20). Results indicated as 59% prevalence of MSK pain was found among pregnant women with low back pain (LBP) being the common prevalent site as compared to others. The maximum age range of participants was 21 to 30 years old and housewives were more than half of the participants. Maximum completed below level of SSC. In addition, most of the participants had a history of normal delivery. However, there was a highly significant relation (p= 0.001) found between MSK pain with the month of pregnancy period. MSK pain was moderately high among pregnant women where certain factors are responsible for influencing MSK pain. To reduce the severity and prevalence of MSK pain, women should be aware of their number of pregnancy and some related factors.

This study illustrates the importance of Critical Discourse Analysis in revealing the latent ideologies and power struggle. It contains a theoretical description of Critical Discourse Analysis, a framework for the analysis of Human Rights Watch discourse on the Palestinian-Israeli issue that is published in its Annual Report 2013; a discussion of discursive practices; and a consideration of the selected framework in the analysis of the generic mixture. In fact, the application of Halliday & Matthiessen’s 2014 Systemic Functional Linguistics approach shows the representation of the case from a material and relational perspectives. Three major types of participants predominate; namely, actors, carriers, and goals. The application of Fairclough’s 1992 Interdiscursivity approach uncovers hybridity, materialization and selectivity procedures in the description of human rights in the Palestinian and Israeli case.

Coal is the major source of electricity in South Africa and a large volume of coal fly ash waste is generated by the thermal fired power stations which have become a serious environmental issue because of the problem of the disposal. The aim of this research is to assess the quality and beneficiation of the coal fly ash samples. The fly ash sample was characterized using analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The morphology of the fly ash is spherical and the XRD identified mullite, gypsum, magnetite, lime, quartz and hematite mineral phases. The elemental composition of the fly ash using XRF containing major elements: SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, while the minor elements are P2O5, SO3, MgO, NaO, TiO2, and V2O5. The result shows that the coal fly ash sample is class C ash with high pozzolanic properties that is suitable to be used for making concrete or cement.

The necessity of power and its dependency has grown exponentially over the years. The tremendous demand has increased the focus on minimizing power losses. One of the major problems in transmission lines is the occurrence of fault that affects the quality of electricity supply. Fault location detection is therefore the key to reliable operation of power equipments and satisfactory service delivery with minimum interruption. This need has given rise to fault location techniques so that the economic impact of fault occurrences can be mitigated with appropriate corrective measures. A numerous methods have been developed and used over the years for transmission line fault locations. This paper opts for the applicability of impedance based fault distance estimation on transmission lines. This was achieved by modelling the transmission line and simulating it using Simulink while the algorithm was written using MATLAB codes. The experimental studies indicated that this approach is reliable for rapid and correct identification of various fault locations.

One of the major problems in power system is the occurrence of disturbances that affect the quality of electricity supply. Fault location detection is therefore the key to reliable operation of power equipments and satisfactory service delivery with minimum interruption. This need has given rise to fault location techniques so that the effects of fault can be mitigated with appropriate corrective measures. This paper, thus, presents two algorithmic approaches towards fault location detection with and without using transmission line parameters. A comparison between these techniques, that is the impedance-based method and travelling wave-based method was done to ascertain their degree of efficacy in estimating the distance of various faults at different locations on the transmission line model. The modelling and simulations were done using Simulink and the algorithms of both methods were written using MATLAB codes. Lower the value of percentage error, better the accuracy of algorithm.

A tax system refers to a legal system put in place by a government to assess and collect taxes from taxpayers. Governments have a desire to collect as much money through taxes as possible from their taxpayers to finance their various programs. On the other extreme, taxpayers would want to avoid paying taxes as much as possible as this reduces their wealth without receiving a direct benefit. To strike balance between these divergent interests of the government and the taxpayers, Adam Smith in his famous books "The Wealth of Nations” enunciates four main principles of taxation for the first time that a sound tax system should incorporate. The principles relate to the rate, fairness, method of levy and collection of the tax. This article mainly focuses on assessing employment and business income tax under the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (hereinafter FDRE) income tax laws against the principle of equity and convenience. This article does not directly address issues of the principle of equity and convenience in rental income taxation and other income taxation although these are part of the income tax laws. The paper culminated with a short conclusion and recommendations on the matters discussed under the main body. Accordingly, the employment income tax (schedule A) lacks equity since it only considers income as a base to impose tax regardless of other circumstances of the taxpayer. However, it is convenient to pay tax for the government since there is a withholding system. The business income tax (schedule C) on the other hand is neither equitable nor convenient due to assessment and other defects.

Low soil fertility and drought condition are main crop production challenges that threatening food security in semi-arid areas. Use of fertilizer at micro dose rates together with in-situ rainwater harvesting using infiltration pits (IP) or tied ridges (TR) are low-input strategies to cope with these challenges. This research was conducted to investigate effects of integrating fertilizer micro dose rates and in-situ rainwater harvesting using IP and TR on groundnut yield and its household profitability to Tanzania smallholder farming groups. Field experiments were conducted from 2015/2016 to 2016/2017 cropping seasons. Infiltration pits and tied ridges increased groundnut yield significantly by 20.2 to 32.6 % and 34.2 to 46.6% respectively over flat cultivation. Fertilizer micro dose at 50% of recommended rate significantly increased yield by 50.8 to 64.7 % over zero application. Integration of TR with fertilizer at RR resulted into highest groundnut yield ranged from 1,034 to 1,096 kg/ha and highest NP ranged from 1,027 to 1,081 USD/ha. The integrations of TR and fertilizer micro dose at 50% of recommended had significant higher yield ranged from 748 to 1,086 kg/ha and higher NP ranging from 405 to 662 USD/ha compared to famer practice. The integrations of micro dose rate of 50% of recommended rate and tied ridges is therefore recommended to small holder’s famers located in semi dry areas of central Tanzania. This will enable farmers to achieve highly agronomic and economic performances compared to farmer practices.