Archives-September 2013

Plants are important source of drugs for majority of the world population. The chemical components in Lippia citriodora help in treating various diseases especially about nervous system illnesses. The present investigation was carried out to determine the chemical compounds present in the stem cuttings of L.citriodora with using GC-MS analysis. The analysis revealed the presence of 26 compounds in the stem cutting. The major compounds were citral (10.63%), Geraniol (10.01%), neral (9.21%), Geranial (7.94%), 4-Phenyl undecan 4-ol (6.78%), 1-octen-3-ol (6.54%). The major and minor constituents were also observed.

The amino acid components of three fresh water fishes: African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), snake fish (Channa striatus) and tilapia fish (Tilapia zillii) were reported. Among the amino acids investigated, aspartic and glutamic acids were found most abundant in all the three samples with values ranging from 10.4 – 10.7 g/100g crude protein, cp (aspartic acid) and 14.3-14.6 g/100g cp (glutamic acid. The most abundant essential amino acids were Lysine (Leu), Leucine (Leu), and Arginine (Arg). The total acidic and amino acids (TAAA) (24.9 – 25.2g/100g, cp) in all the samples were greater than the total basic amino acids (TBAA) (18.4 – 19.8g/100g, cp) and Leu / Ile ratio values (2.09 – 2.20) showed that Leu > Ile in all the samples. The predicted protein efficiency ratio (P-PER) values (3.46-3.59) were considerably high and this would make them good food complements. The isoelectric point (pI) ranged from 4.68 – 6.04, showing that they are in acidic medium. In essential amino acid scores (based on whole hen’s egg), Lys was highest in all the sample with values ranging from 1.57 – 1.66 and their limiting essential amino acid was Valine (Val). On provisional essential amino acid scoring pattern, Lys (1.77 – 1.87) and Val (0.93) had the highest and lowest scores respectively. Essential amino acid scores based on pattern for pre-school children showed that all the samples would supply the required essential amino acids for pre-school children (2 – 5 years old). Generally, the samples are good sources of essential amino acids.

The levels of fatty acids, phospholipids and sterols were determined in the skin and muscle of Alestes macrolepidotus. Results showed crude fat varied from 0.488-5.46 g/100 g; SFA from 16.0-29.5 % of total fatty acids, total unsaturated fatty acids varied from 61.6-80.9 %, PUFA range was 33.1-37.4 % and PUFA/SFA ranged from 1.27-2.07.Skin and muscle had low levels of n-6 fatty acids but high in n-3 fatty acids. Correlation coefficient was significantly and positively high at r = 0.05 in the fatty acids. In the phospholipids, lecithin was highest both inskin and muscle with respective values of 734 and 313 (mg/100 g). The sterol values in the skin varied from81.6-81.7 mg/100 g and muscle was not detected (–) to11.4 (9.89±2.62) mg/100 g. Whilst 100 g skin would provide 3.82 g fatty acids, 100 g muscle would provide 0.342 g fatty acids.

For any graph , the lict graph of a graph is the graph whose vertex set is the union of the set of edges and set of cut vertices of in which two vertices are adjacent if and only if corresponding members are adjacent or incident .A set of edges in a graph is called edge dominating set of if every edge in is adjacent to atleast one edge in ,denoted as and is the minimum cardinality of edge dominating set in . In this paper, many bounds on were obtained in terms of vertices , edges and other different parameters of but not in terms of elements of . Further we develop its relation with other different domination parameters.

Water deficit is common stress in arid and semi-arid lands, also yield of wheat reduced by another environmental stresses such as heat and cold. The main causes of these changes are due to poor distribution of rainfall, and poor agronomy calendar. According to this fact that rainfall is one of the most important factors for agronomy in dry land, we calculated time of first effective rainfall with probabilities of 50% and 75% by using meteorological data (1994 to 2011) of Synoptic station at Eghlid region, The growing degree days (GDD) of wheat growth phenological stages were obtained by using 4 ° C as physiological Zero. Based on the results, the first effective rainfall happen in the November 19th and December 8th, by probability levels of 50% and 75% also the germination of wheat seeds happen in the March12th and March31th and the ended of phenological stages happen in the August18th and August25th by probability levels of 50% and 75% respectively. We suggest this planting calendar to obtain the best wheat yield.

The term alienation which Raymond Williams calls it as one of the most difficult vocabulary words, and as one of the main concepts in sociology, psychology and social psychology have been introduced, Is widely used in social science to explain the forms and types of actions and reactions to events, facts, psychological and social pressures and is hardly associated with people’s life. Regarding to the importance of the topic in this research by using field method, techniques and survey questionnaire sought answers to this question” what are the social factors affecting student alienation?” The study sample is Guilan-e-Gharb PNU students which about 382 persons of them have been surveyed as the sample of the study. In order to answer the main question of this study, the relationship between variables such as social trust, social participation, social cohesion, devoutness and economic-social base as independent variables and its relationship with the students' alienation as the dependent variable was analyzed. The results indicate that among all the independent variables with the dependent variable, there was a direct and significant relationship. The relationship of these variables is moderate.

One of the striking aspects of community development community stability is Feeling of security. Public safety requires the establishment of a society in which there exist the minimal structural elements such as social justice, provision of social justice, employment, freedom and sovereignty of people and their full participation, distribution of knowledge and information in society, social disorder, use of resources, scholars and social adjustment. The present study, by using field study and survey techniques, is to answer this question; what are the most important factors affecting the Feeling of security in cities? In the study population, 400 individuals of all the citizens of Bandar Abbas city who are more than 20 years old have been studied. The findings suggest that the Feeling of security among the residents of Bandar Abbas is fairly. There is a significant correlation between the Feeling of security with the variables of the city space, various internal and external mass media, economic-social bases and gender.

Family is an institution on one hand with the larger community and interact directly with other person in the relationship. It is important to the extent that some experts are considered to suppose it as a fundamental pillar of society and the realization of a healthy society depends on achieving a healthy family feel. Marital satisfaction is one of the essential factors in family stability and of the mental health of spouses and children as well as society. Several factors caused spouse to be satisfied in a marital relationship. Marital adjustment influences on many aspects of human life, individual and social. Regarding to the importance of this field of research methods, techniques and survey questionnaire sought answers to this question’’ what are the social factors influencing the conflict of spouses in Guilan-e-Gharb? Study sample are the married in Guilan-e-Gharb which number of 378 samples were analyzed. In order to answer the main question, this study is to analyze the relationship between variables such as fatalism, psychological well-being, family income, age of spouses during marriage as independent variables and conflict of spouses as the dependent variable. The results suggest that, there is significant relationship between psychological well-being variables, family income, and the age difference between spouses marriage duration with spouse conflict. There is no relationship between fatalism and conflicts between spouses.

Experimental and numerical investigation of the thermal conductivity in particulate filler filled (wood dust) epoxy composites have been studied in the present work. The thermal conductivity of particulate filled polymer composite is calculated experimentally using guarded heat flow meter method in accordance with ASTM-E 1530 standard. This study shows that the incorporation of wood dust results in reduction of conductivity of epoxy resin and there by improves its thermal insulation capability. Further the thermal conductivity of particle filled composites has been calculated numerically using the microstructure images by identifying each pixel with a finite difference equation and accompanying appropriate image processing. It has been observed that numerical results, experimental values and all other models are close to each other at low particulate content. On comparison, it has been found that the errors associated with the numerical values with respect to experimental ones lie in the range of 3.4 to 14.8%, the same results from Rules-of- mixture and Maxwell’s correlations lie in the ranges of 3.4 to 29.2% and 4.2 to 46.7% respectively. The incorporation of glass fibre in wood dust filled epoxy resin reduces the thermal conductivity further. With addition of 6.5vol%, 11.3vol%, 26.8vol% and35.9vol%of wood dust and 9.6vol% glass fibre the thermal conductivity of epoxy resin dropped by about 43.6%, 47.5%, 60.3% and 62.8% respectively.

In today’s competitive world, the only thing that is constant is change. As a result, creative capacity is the key. Creativity has become a topic of ever-increasing interest in educational settings. Like it or not, teachers serve as the metronome in the classroom. The meter and behavior established by them set the patterns and establish the models for students’ behavior as individuals and as a group. Thus, there is a need to identify the role of teacher leadership behaviors for students’ creativity. The purpose of this article is to propose possible approaches to facilitate creativity in the classroom, especially with the emphasis on leadership perspective. First, the definition of creativity is discussed. Then based on the literature, several strategies and ideas of promoting creativity are reviewed. Next, a possible model is proposed, including knowledge, creative thinking, motivation and self-efficacy, goal setting and work group, transformational leadership, and supportive leadership. Finally, the implication of this model is described.