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Enthusiastic interest to protect their environments for improved agricultural production has led rural communities to adopt a desert encroachment control strategies through community participation. Thus, the present study attempts to compare the perceptions, participation and empowerment between socio-demographic characteristics of the participants of afforestation programme in Toshia community, Nigeria. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 150 participants who were purposively selected. The data was analysed using t-test for the comparison and analysis. The results of the study revealed that there were significant differences in perception, participation and empowerment between ethnic groups, age and education level of the participants. The study suggests a guidance for community development professionals with a strategy for assessing the community and developing a principle based approach outreach, perception and participation.

Since one of the factors contributing to the understanding of the Qur'an, the words appear, it is clear that any change in the Arab derivation of a word or a variation of it, and turned to talk to other characters may lead to a change in meaning As a result, the interpretation of it. The author, wants to know whether the effect of the interpretation of the readings, such as fundamental changes in the concept and meaning of the Quran, so that he can decree the provisions of Sharia, or religious principles alter or causing minor changes and negligible in the interpretation and meaning of the verse is?. For this purpose, the expression of the sheer size of ten readings, Reading dispute that, in such a way to understand the meanings of the verses, and interpret it had an effect were selected according to the quality of the impact of differences in the interpretation of collected, various readings in the verses of monotheism is examined. At the end of the research and studies carried out in this thesis, the following results were obtained: Some differences in readings, has little effect on their interpretation, and most of the different dialects of Arabic, but some impact on their interpretation so may lead to change in order to be legal and religious. If the difference in some theological and religious issues, stemming from the differences in readings. Reasons and justifications for some time, after Imams life readings discussed, and not because of actual readings and more was learned that inductive and discretion. Although some commentators, on the basis of his interpretation have Hafs narration, but no other verse based on the readings, have been interpreted.

Extracurricular activities have a lot of influences on the growth of spirit and happiness in students; furthermore, they give essential training to them indirectly. Most students and their parents are not aware of the existence and function of such centers which are related to and controlled by education departments. This study attempted to investigate the influences of the classes of the students’ research houses on the spirit and the educational achievement of the students. Two parallel questionnaires each containing fifteen questions were distributed among 77 students who were attending the classes of these houses and 21 parents. Some interviews also were run. The data gathered were then analyzed. The results showed that the subjects and especially the students were satisfied with the efficiency of these houses.

Chemical industries are continuously faced with increasing challenges of safety requirements in plant design and operation. Consequently, more and more attention has been focused on developing greener, safer and efficient chemical processes employing process intensifying methodologies and equipment. While engineered safety devices can be added on to a plant as risk mitigation measures, safety is most reliably ensured by developing inherently safer techniques. This paper reviewed some of the process intensification approaches that could be utilized by chemical industries to improve inherent safety in plant design and operation protocols. Although the potentials of the techniques described in this review for intensification of chemical processing have already been proven in the laboratories, however their application on the industrial scale still presents a difficult challenge.

The present study was aimed to investigate the relationship between linguistic intelligence, ethnic identity, and bilingual Iranian EFL learners’ reading comprehension. To run the study one hundred male students at the intermediate level in an English institute in Sanandaj, Iran with mastery in Kurdish as their mother tongue, Persian as their educational language at school, and English as the third language or better say a foreign language were selected to take part in the present study. An ex post facto research was designed in which the participants of the study received a valid test of reading comprehension (NELSON-Danny Reading Scale developed by Brown et al, 1993), the Linguistic Intelligence Questionnaire (Gardner, 1999), and the Ethnic Identity Measure (Roberts, et al. 1999) as the measurement devices of the study. The data gathered was put into SPSS version 21 and since the normality assumption was met, Pearson Correlation was run to find answers to the questions of the study, and the results were reported. The findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between linguistic intelligence and bilingual Iranian EFL learners’ reading comprehension. Also, there is a significant relationship between ethnic identity and bilingual Iranian EFL learners’ reading comprehension, and lastly, there is a significant relationship between ethnic identity and bilingual Iranian EFL learners’ linguistic intelligence. The findings of the present study could be used in the research and practical work pertained to teaching English in the bilingual areas of Iran and other countries with similar status, ethno linguistics studies, and teaching English as a foreign language in different places.

The prevailing spirit in doctrine and Sharia of Islam, from the beginning to tolerance, mitigation and disposal Distress and constriction, focused and grounded. Necessity to reductionist, in practice the provisions, variable and universal religion, in accordance with the principles of freedom and liberty, and the necessity of conflict with existing laws, including the reasons underlying the rule Religious permission, the legitimacy of the state of some of the laws, apply. Foundation legitimacy of discharge, the rules «Distress and constriction», and «no- damage» is Located. This study, in the light of legal texts, rules and principles, explain the rule Religious permission, as an important, focuses on Islamic law. In this regard, in addition to explaining the concept, and the status of the above, the expression and show some of it, of transactions, punishments and suspension provisions in the law, and the rules of civil law, criminal law and family law, encourages. The results of this study indicate that, approach the permissions, at present, according to the positions of «Obstruction of religious knowledge», and «Absence of religious texts», etc. necessity in solving «Updated issues» , with a new approach in «Demands of the time», is considered.

The authors have retrospectively studied 42 cases of tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis using large cannulated AO screws, staples and iliac crest graft mixed in treatment of fixed equinovarus deformity of the foot in adult patients. There were 25 men and 17 women aged 22 to 70 (mean, 45) years. All patients were reviewed with an average of 5 years. The operations were performed between 2005 and 2012.Preoperatively, all patients had 50° of the mean calcaneal varus deformity and 75° (60-90°) of equinus deformity on Meary’s radiological. There were 24 idiopathic, 8 post traumatic,6 neurologic associated with IMC,4 polio. Clinical and functional outcome was assessed with the kitaoka score, the x-rays included an AP and lateral view of the ankle and Meary view .Resultats were excellent in 73% , good in 18 % , fair in 9%. X-rays showed 3 nonunions after 2 years and were reported. We noted 2 postoperative cutaneous necrosis; the shortening was an average 2 cm. After a mean follow-up duration of 5±2.93 years; All patients stated that they improvement of pain and function. 40 patients returned to independent ambulation, wearing custom-made shoes with molded insoles. We belive that the tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis should be used to treat the fixed equinovarus deformity in the adult whatever its etiology.

The new Trade Practice and Consumer Protection Proclamation of Ethiopia come into effect in Ethiopia in August 2010 i.e. Proclamation No. 685/2010. Therefore, that, after three years of the effective period, Proclamation No. 813/2013 repealed it. The Trade Practice and Consumer Protection Authority is the regulatory body, which also has a judicial mandate, oversees the implementation of the law. The law regulates trade practices by protecting businesses from anti-competitive and unfair trade practices to ensure a competitive business environment. Henceforth, this research analyses the effectiveness of these two proclamations since their ultimate goal is to secure the healthiest trade environment in the territorial hemisphere of Ethiopia. On the other side, since the two laws have their own positive impact on the economy of the country, substantially this research gives due consideration for the empirical effect of these two proclamations extraordinarily in the Eastern Zone of Tigray.

Diphenyl ketone (DPK), a semi-organic nonlinear optical material, has been synthesized and single crystals were grown from alcohol – ethanol solution at room temperature up to dimensions of 4.5cm×4.5cm×4cm. The unit cell parameters were determined from single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction studies. The structural perfection of the grown crystal has been analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) study. The variation of dielectric properties of the grown crystal with respect to frequency has been investigated at different temperatures. Microhardness measurements revealed the mechanical strength of grown crystal. The relative second harmonic efficiency of the compound is found to be 1.4 times greater than that of KDP. And the theoretical studies were conducted on the molecular structure and vibrational spectra of diphenyl ketone (DPK). The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of DPK were recorded in the solid phase. The molecular geometry and vibrational frequencies of DPK in the ground state have been calculated by using the density functional methods (B3LYP) invoking 6-311++G(d,p) and 6-311+G(d,p) basis set. The optimized geometric bond lengths and bond angles obtained by DFT method show best agreement with the experimental values. A detailed interpretation of the FT-IR and FT- Raman, Mullikan spectra of DPK was also reported. NBOs are localized electron pair orbitals for bonding pairs and lone pairs. UV–VIS spectrum of the compound was recorded and the electronic properties, such as HOMO and LUMO energies, were performed by time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) approach. Finally the calculations results were applied to simulated infrared and Raman spectra of the title compound which show good agreement with observed spectra. And the temperature dependence of the thermodynamic properties of constant pressure (Cp), entropy (S) and enthalpy change (?H0?T) for DPK were also determined. Keywords: DPK, HOMO- LUMO, UV, NBO, Mullikan, MEP.

The Algiers Peace agreement signed on June 18, 2000 between Eritrea and Ethiopia has ended the two years border war of 1998-2000. The terms of the agreement, however, have not yet implemented although a fresh rapprochement initiatives have started since July 8, 2018. The main problem is the controversies surrounding the Eritrea-Ethiopian Border Commission’s (EBCC) final and binding decision on disputed territories due to competing positions by Eritrea and Ethiopia. It is almost 18 years since disagreement has embroiled the two countries into a state of ‘no war, no peace’ situation, marked by socio-economic and political disarrays. This article, therefore, seeks to examine the main underpinning factor of the problem and its implication for Eritrea. The author argues that the stalled peace talk was an obstacle to Eritrea in its effort for state institutionalization and democratization processes