Archives-j 

One of the most important and challenging issues in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is to optimally manage the limited energy of nodes without degrading the routing efficiency. In this paper, we propose an Energy-Efficient Adaptive routing mechanism (EE-ARM) for WSNs which saves energy of nodes by removing the much delayed packets without degrading the real-time performance of the used routing protocol. It uses the adaptive transmission power algorithm which is based on the attenuation of the wireless link to improve the energy efficiency. Integrated in PATH, the well known real-time routing protocol based on two-hop neighbourhood information, the results show that the proposed routing mechanism perform good in terms of energy consumption, Deadline miss ratio (DMR) and end-to-end delay.

The term enforced disappearance has been derived from the Spanish word “Desaparicion forzada ”which was coined in 1960s to signify a practice of abduction and secret detention used by security forces of Guatemala in furtherance of their counter insurgency measures. The idea of enforced disappearances was later applied by a lot of countries to deny the right of free speech to its citizens. According to the UN Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (WGEID) in the period between 1974 and 1995 more than 100 cases of forced disappearances were recorded in countries such as India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and Pakistan etc. Enforced Disappearances not only leads to a violation of the basic human rights of the victim but also leads to emotional abuse and economic marginalization of the family members. It also makes women and children vulnerable to sexual abuse and exploitation at the hands of the officials of the state. The Convention For The Protection of All Persons From Enforced Disappearances enjoins the state parties to make a special law on enforced disappearances in order to provide for such an offence in their penal code and also to provide a special mechanism for investigation, prosecution etc. However, a lot of state parties are yet to make a special law on it. The objective of this paper is to offer a critical insight into the developments in the International Plane for curbing this ghastly practice. The paper also conducts an analysis of the Convention and examines the loopholes present therein. In the end it attempts to suggest safeguards to prevent such a practice.

Carawey is biennial plant. It is a widely used and incredibly useful plant. The seeds are used for culinary purposes and medicinal treatment. It’s seeds oil was extracted by cold extraction method used two solvents, n-hexane and petroleum ether. Extracts has been investigated by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) technique. Total of 45 compounds were detected for n-hexane extract and 62 compounds likewise for petroleum ether. The two solvent extracts showed a chemical composition correlation. The most abundant compounds detected are hexadecanoic acid; Estragole; 9,12- octadecandienoic acid ; 9-octadecanoic acid; Stearatric acid, D-Limonene, octadecanal, Eicosanoic acid, 11-Eicosanoic acid, dodec-9-ynyl Cyclohexanecarboxylicacid, 7-hexadecanoic acid, 9- octandecanone, 10- nonadecanone and anethole . Besides there are some new compounds that have not been previously reported.

The aim of this investigation was the ability of different indices to identifies drought resistant genotypes of cotton under normal and stress conditions. Thirteen drought tolerance indices i.e., stress susceptibility index (SSI), tolerance index (TOL), mean productivity index ( MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress tolerance index (STI), yield index (YI), yield stability index (YSI), drought resistance index (DI), yield reduction ratio (YR), a biotic tolerance index (ATI), stress susceptibility percentage index (SSPI), harmonic mean (HM) and golden mean (GOL) were calculated based on seed cotton yield/plant under normal (Yp) and stress (Ys) conditions for 24 cotton genotypes over the two summer seasons (2015 and 2016) at Sakha Agriculture Research Station, Agriculture Research Center, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt. The values of mean performances showed that, most studied genotypes were better than the grand mean during Yp and Ys. Drought stress reduced the studied traits while other was tolerant to drought, suggesting genetic variability in 24 cotton genotypes for drought tolerance. According to drought tolerance indices, MP, GMP, STI, YI and HM under Yp and Ys as well as the other studied drought tolerance indices under Ys could properly distinguish drought tolerant cotton genotypes with high yield performance. Therefore, the indices of MP, GMP, STI, YI and HM were considered as a better predictor of Ys and Yp than the other indices. Screening drought tolerant genotypes using mean performances and drought tolerance indices showed cleared that the genotypes G.94, G.86, G.96 and G.89 were the most drought tolerant under Yp and Ys. Thus, they are recommended to be used as a parents for improvement of drought tolerance of cotton in breeding and hybridization programs in Egypt to produce and select a new recombination’s are more and more tolerant for drought to overcome the water shortage and reduce the water rating of the cotton crop. And the possibility of planting and expansion of those new recombination’s under the conditions of new lands that suffer from shortage of water and access to an economic crop. Cluster analysis based on all studied traits of 24 cotton genotypes into five and nine clusters under normal and drought stress conditions, respectively .The results for cluster analysis suggested that these genotypes could be used as a source of germplasm for breeding for drought tolerance and also cleared that the hybridization between clusters may increases variability and expected transgresive segregation to select the new germplasm had more and more drought tolerance. 

This article examines the effectiveness of experiential learning method in the educational environment. While training is often viewed as a means toward self-awareness and acquisition of knowledge and skills, its overriding goal is change. It is argued that experiential learning activities are critical to the mission of bringing in change in communicative capabilities of learners. It contains five-step model and illustrates how experiential learning activities contribute to each step. Conventional teaching and training are based mainly on knowledge acquisition and skills transfer, but this does not address specific issues related to individual growth. Experiential learning is a powerful way to address individual growth and potential. The present study proved that the use of experiential learning techniques helped students to gain exposure in a stimulating and interactive environment. It also provided students opportunities to talk and listen to each other’s responses to questions, and to the teachers.

The experimental and theoretical study on the structure and vibrations 1h-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol and 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole have been carried out by DFT/B3LYPand DFT/LSDA method with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. Utilizing the observed FT-IR and FT-Raman data, a complete vibrationalassignment and analysis of the fundamental modes of the title compounds were carried out. The vibrational frequencies which determined experimentally and compared with thosetheoretical frequencies from force field calculation based on B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) method. Stability of the compound arising from hyper conjugative interactions and charged localization has been analyzed using natural bond orbital analysis. The 1H and 13C nuclear magneticresonance (NMR) chemical shifts of the compounds were calculated by the gauge independentatomic orbital (GIAO) method and compared with experimental results.

This paper reports the results of the investigation carried out on a single cylinder DI diesel engine for the effects of fuel injection pressure (FIP) on the combustion, performance and emission characteristics. The experiments were conducted at constant speed (1500rpm) with four different FIPs Viz., 200, 400, 600 and 800 bar are used for the injection of fuel with a fixed start of fuel injection. With increased injection pressure the heat release rate increases and also the peak point is advanced in time. The results reveal that with increase in pressure at the full load condition the brake thermal efficiency increases by 11.8%, smoke density reduces from 86HSU to 70HSU. The HC emissions are reduced from 100 ppm to 50 ppm while the oxides of nitrogen emission increase from 960 ppm to 1160 ppm. The Carbon Monoxide emissions are reduced from 0.21 % by volume to 0.16 while the Carbon-di-Oxide reduced by 5.26 %. The brake thermal efficiency is increased by 12% with apparent reduction in smoke reduction by 18%. The cylinder pressure increases from 64 to 80 bar while Heat release rate increases from 112 to 148 kJ/m3 deg. This investigation establishes that switching to higher injection pressure improves fuel economy of diesel engines.

By using Mawhin continuation theorem and comparison theorem, the sufficient conditions ensuring the existence of exponential periodic attractor and exponential convergence of a class of functional differential equation with time varying delays are established. The results are very different from some previously known results [1,19,28]. Finally, applications and an example are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the results.

Sesame seeds originated in India and neighboring countries. It is flowering plant in genus sesamum. It is widely grown in tropical regions around the world and it is cultivated for its edible seeds which grow. It has many species and wild species are found in sub-Saharan in Africa. Cultivated types Sesame is important oil crops in Somalia where sesame is grown Southern Somalia around rivers. This study tried to investigate the factors influencing on the production of sesame seed in Somalia. The study was guided by the following specific objectives that are the influence of a market, training and value addition on sesame seed production in village farmers of Jowhar and Bal’ad districts. This study took a descriptive research design and statistical analysis. The target population of this study was village farmers in Jowhar and Bal’ad districts while the study population was 85 sesame farmers. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the sample to be included in the study where a sample size of 70 farmers was chosen. The study employed a questionnaire to collect primary data. The questionnaire comprised of both open and close-ended questions which generated quantitative data. Quantitative data was coded and entered into statistical packages for social scientists (SPSS Version 20.0) and analyzed using descriptive statistics and statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics involved the use of absolute and relative (percentages) frequencies, measures of central tendency and dispersion (mean and standard deviation respectively).Quantitative data was presented in tables and graphs which the explanation to the same was presented in style. The study established that market influences on sesame seed production to a great extant and that train and value addition influence on sesame seed production to a very great extant. The study concluded that market, training and value addition influenced to a very great extant. The study recommended the Ministry of agriculture should improve market price and planning process in production in order to encourage sesame seed growers to increase production of sesame seeds and also should give training on prosper use of local organic manures and crop rotation that indicated high sesame seed production. The study recommended sesame seed growers should increase the use of sesame husks as animal feed over which it contributes farmers to increase sesame seed production. Analysis of variance showed that the factors influencing on sesame production include market, training and value addition which indicated statistically significant as shown by F (70)=12.193, p=0.009. Multivariate analysis was carried out and showed that T(70)=1.909 with value addition with a p=<0.005.

The valorization of minerals requires physicochemical and thermal treatments, using various materials such as crucibles. They are refractory ceramics mainly based on clays. Crucibles must be resistant to chemical aggression by molten slag and metals at high temperature during repeated thermal cycles, to ensure the durability in use. Fire-assaying is extensively used in gold mining in Burkina Faso, needing a huge quantity of ceramic crucibles imported per year. In this study, we have characterized different clays to manufacture refractory ceramics for crucibles. Physical characteristics of laboratory made crucibles were compared to that of industrial crucibles. The behavior of an optimized composition with 25wt% of clay and 75wt% of chamotte (fired clay) was experimented to optimize the properties in use. Particularly, the adequate adjustment of all process parameters, as the paste plasticity, leads the control of the density and porosity of the fired ceramic. Fusion tests with copper and aluminum at temperature between 600°C and 1100°C proved the small penetration depth of the molten metal into the ceramic that reduce the corrosion phenomenon. Our work evidences the existence of both a scientific and a technological knowledge in the use of silico-aluminate mineral resources from Burkina Faso, for manufacturing refractory crucibles for the melting of both slag and precious metals.