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Linguists interest in discourse in recent years is gradually shifting from the traditional focus on ideational dimension of texts and speech to the ways they function interpersonally. Such a view argues that writers or speakers do not simply produce a text to convey information and to represent an external reality. They, however, seek to ensure that the information they present is understandable and acceptable. In this regard, they draw their addressees in, and try to motivate them to follow along. To communicate effectively, they anticipate their receivers' expectations, requirements and resources, and try to engage them in their texts and affect their understandings of them. Writing or speaking is, therefore, viewed as a social and communicative process between writers or speakers and readers or listeners.

Mortality refers to the state or condition of being subject to death that occur within a population. It is a basic demographic component of population change. Mortality and its causes vary both in space and time due to the factors such as advancement in medicines, propagation of education, improvement of nutritional level and improvement in general conditions of sanitation. Many demographic studies have revealed that mortality levels vary with the racial characteristics since every ethnic society has their own culture, socio-economic background, and attitudes. Sri Lanka has a multi ethnic condition and the levels of mortality in such ethnicities are diverse from one to another. Main purpose of this paper is to identify the trends in CDR, NMR, IMR, CMR, ASDR and CSDR and causes for the mortality in Indian Tamil population in Osborn Estate in Nuwara-Eliya District after 1980s. Finding the causes for the prevailing trends and examination of current socio-economic and health situation in the estate are the minor objectives. Both primary and secondary data were used for this study. Mortality trends were analyzed by using relevant annual death reports from 1984 to 2012 collected from the Osborne Estate Hospital. Questionnaire survey was conducted to identify the socio-economic and health care situation in the estate with the help of 75 households those who were selected randomly from six divisions in Osborne Estate. Analysis was done with the help of SPSS 17.0, Minitab and Microsoft Excel 2010 computer tools. According to the trend analysis, downward trends were found for CDR, NMR, IMR and CMR and slight upward trend for ASDR in 15-30 age group and downward trend for ASDR in 60 + age group in the target population. Causes for the deaths have totally changed from 1984 to 2012 and specifically hypertension was found as the major cause for the general mortality in present day. Suicide is one of the major causes for deaths among youth population due to poor thinking. Advancement of health condition is the main reason for declining trend of child mortality in currently. The study suggests to draw an extensive attention to youth population and to conduct counseling programs in order to minimize the suicide cases. Increasing of workers’ wages is positive impact for improving their demographic condition further.

Noise generally is known as unwanted and unwelcome sound. It is considered as the most pervasive pollutant besides the emission pollutants. Along with the increasing degree of air and water pollution, noise pollution is also emerging as a new threat to the inhabitants of Al-Samawah city. Al- Samawah city experienced rapid development and high influx of people with the implication of increased generation of noise. Hence the need to evaluate the noise pollution level of the city. Measurement of noise pollution level was carried out in 20 locations around the city using a GM1351 digital sound level meter with a range of 30-130 dB. Day-time urban noise quality assessment was studied in Al-Samawah city for six critical zones viz. Industrial , Commercial, Residential, Recreational ,Silence zone and Traffic areas. Noise pollution indices viz. L10, L50, L90, noise climate (NC), equivalent continuous noise level (Leq) and noise pollution level (Lnp) were computed for all zones. Excel's computer program used for fitting model equations to the obtained experimental data. Results indicated that the highest Leq of 72.5 dB in the industrial zone followed by 70.0 dB in traffic areas ,68.1 dB was observed in commercial zone, 65.2 dB in residential zone ,63.5 dB in silent zone, and 62.4 dB in recreational zone. For commercial zones, Leq observed were down the statutory limits, while for other zones it was above the WHO limits. The noise assessment study clearly revealed that the Industrial and residential zones caused noise pollution in Al-Samawah city and silence areas need attention and care from the institutions to be silent zones. As excessive noise affects health of people deleteriously, the establishment of an agency under the name of Iraqi Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) is essential for controlling this and similar hazards.

Lectures are inevitable in university classes and are used as a way of imparting knowledge to students. They must be comprehensible and salient especially for students of other languages who need help in understanding the content and in appropriating the language. Appropriate use of discourse markers (DMs) are believed to play an important role in producing a meaningful and coherent message. In the literature of second language acquisition, the field of discourse markers has been largely omitted so far and most of the studies on DMs have focused on native (or bilingual) speakers of English, who acquire this pragmatic competence in their childhood. This paper is an attempt to compare English (native) and Iranian (non-native) EFL lectures in the frequency and use of various discourse markers to identify the possible differences and related implications. For this purpose, a corpus of ten spoken lectures (5 North-American English lectures (NAC) taken from MICASE (Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English), and 5 Iranian EFL lectures (IC) recorded at Najafabad Azad University) were analyzed. The results of the study revealed that DMs were used more in the IC than in the NAC.

In this article an interesting and famous realistic problem harmonic oscillators is discussed using the single-term Haar wavelet series (STHW) method. The results (approximate solutions) obtained very accurate using classical Runge-Kutta (RK) method, single-term Walsh Series (STWS) and STHW methods are compared with the ODE45 in Matlab. It is found that the solution obtained using STHW is closer to the ODE45 in Matlab. The high accuracy and the wide applicability of STHW approach will be demonstrated with numerical example. Solution graphs for discrete exact solutions are presented in a graphical form to show the efficiency of the STHW. The results obtained show that STHW is more useful for solving harmonic oscillators and the solution can be obtained for any length of time.

The behaviour of self-consolidating fibre reinforced high strength concrete (SCFRHSC) filled hollow structural steel (HSS) columns subjected to an axial load was investigated experimentally. A total of 45 specimens were tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) % of fibre (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 The results from prediction were compared with the experimental data. Validation to the experimental results was made.

In this proposed work a new technique has been developed for reducing total harmonic distortion using THREE PHASE HARMONIC FILTER and PHASE LOOK LOOP (PLL) technique in HVDC system .This work model implemented in simulation work. Harmonic filter are shunt elements that are used in power systems for decreasing voltage distortion and for power factor correction .Nonlinear elements such as power electronic converters generate harmonic currents or harmonics voltages which are injected into power system. The resulting distorted currents flowing through system impedance produce harmonic voltage distortion. Harmonic filters reduce distortion by diverting harmonic currents in low impedance paths. Harmonic filters are designed to be capacitive at fundamental frequency, so that they are also used for producing reactive power required by converters and for power factor correction. Phase Lock Loop technique is used for harmonic reduction of the system and improving power quality of the hole system. Phase Lock Loop is synthesize the new frequency. In this system reactive power compensation is doing by the two types of compensation devices are shunt compensation and series compensation.

This work has been done in two phases. In the first phase, the controllable parameters (cutting speeds, feed rates, type of drill tool, cutting fluids) which influence the responses (torque, cutting force, surface roughness, material removal rate, power) in drilling of En8 steel are identified and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model has been developed to predict the responses. The developed ANN model has been trained and tested with experimental data of drilling process which is conducted under Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) condition. ANN tested results are closely matched with experimental results. In the second phase, the ANN predicted results are analyzed by performing Taguchi’s S/N ratio analysis and optimum combinations of input parameters are determined. Further, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) is employed to find the contribution of input parameters on output parameters. This work is useful in predicting the multi responses while cutting different materials in different processes.

Enhancement of photocatalytic activity of titania in the visible region and stabilization of anatase phase are significant from the view point of water pollution abatement, since this will enable solar light mediated processes to be scaled up to meet industrial requirements. Recent research has focused on designing nano titania based catalytic systems due to the large surface areas and improved photogeneration of oxidant-reductant species that the nano particles offer. There are several methods for the synthesis of nanoTiO2. Compared to bare TiO2, metal ion doped TiO2 is advantageous, as the doped metal ion alters the band gap and surface adsorption properties. Iron, zinc, cadmium, lanthanum, cerium, cobalt and nickel ions doped TiO2 have been reported in the literature for photocatalytic application. In this context, the present study aims at the co-doping of nano titania with a transition metal ion and a rare earth metal ion. Copper and Samarium ions have been chosen for this purpose as this co-doping has not been reported in the literature so far. In this paper we have synthesized Cu and Sm ions co-doped nano titania prepared by the sol-gel method. This catalyst was characterized by FTIR, XRD, TGA, SEM and UV- visible to analyze the band gap chatacteristics and the effect of calcination on the photodegradation of 4CP

The bladder Adenocarcinoma is an extremely rare urological entity. We report the case of an 80 year old patient. The Cystoscopic exploration found a solid tumor located at the anterior side, the rest of the bladder mucosa was featureless. The anatomopathological study showed the presence of an adenocarcinoma with glandular architecture. The immunohistochemical study showed a positive labeling of the tumor cells by the anti CK 20, with an absence of nuclear labeling of ?-catenin, thus confirming the primitive bladder character of the mucinous Adenocarcinoma. Due to the localized appearance of the tumor an anterior pelvectomy with drainage type cutaneous ureterostomy was performed.