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The interaction of transition metal complexes with DNA has long been a subject of intensive investigation with the perspective of development of newer materials for application in biotechnology and medicine. These investigations have resulted in the synthesis of many new metal complexes, which bind to DNA by non-covalent interactions such as electrostatic binding, groove binding and intercalative binding [1,2]. Hence, the current growing interest in small molecules that are capable of binding and cleaving DNA is related to their utility in the design and development of synthetic restriction enzymes, new drugs, DNA foot-printing agents, etc., and also to their ability to probe the structure of DNA itself [3].

Textual materials encompass all kinds of books and other printed materials used by teachers and learners for reference before, during and after instruction. They are mainly used for presentation of information to the learners and complementing teacher presentation through the learners’ private study. Examples of these include textbooks, class readers, course books, reference books, supplementary readers, newspapers, workbooks, fiction, periodicals, study guides, manuals, worksheets, and magazines among others. The teachers can choose the appropriate type of textual material to use depending on the content to be taught and the purposes of instruction. This paper is a discussion of the value of textual materials in particular textbooks in the language classroom. This paper will examine whether textbooks liberate teachers or are systems of control by looking at their advantages and disadvantages and how teachers can adapt other commercial textbooks in the language classroom.

In this era of development, the construction industry is one of the most important sectors that contribute to the economy and a catalyst for other industries. As a result, the demand for skilled and semi-skilled workers is increasing. This demand has raised the status of Technical And Vocational Education in line with the other courses. However, there are several issues that arise in the employment sector where based on previous studies, this problem arises due to the weakness of human factors within the context of ineffective leadership. Leadership is an important aspect in the form of an organization to achieve the goals, vision, mission and objectives are kept by the organization. In this title, it will discuss leadership in education. In fact, we will discuss also the demand for technical and vocational education. Then we will look about the working environment in which the leadership is very important element.

Willingness to communicate (WTC) is one of the affective factors assumed to influence success in second and foreign language learning. Although the nature of the construct of WTC has been thoroughly investigated in both first and second language its relationship with different modalities of communication in a foreign language has not been studied. The present study explores the possible relationship between WTC and its components and success in foreign language learning. For the purposes of this study a willingness to communicate scale was correlated with a C-Test, which is a measure of general language proficiency. Results show that two out of the three subscales of WTC, namely, willingness to communicate in the school context and willingness to communicate with native speakers of English, were moderately correlated with success in learning English as foreign language as measured by C-Test. The other subscale of WTC, i.e., willingness to communicate with non-native speakers of English was not correlated with success in foreign language learning. Implications of the study are discussed.

Present study aims at exploring the phenomenon of graffiti and its presence in Pakistan. It also sets to investigate the frequency of different themes exhibited through graffiti and their corresponding relationship to socio-cultural and religious ideologies and attitudes of inhabitants of this part of the world. For given purpose the historical city of Lahore, which is also considered the hub of culture and education in country, was chosen as this practice is found in profusion there especially in areas under consideration locally named as Model Town, Centre Point, Hussain Chowk, etc. Graffiti is treated as a pliant feature of contemporary metropolitan setting and an ever-trendy researchable issue in academic research. Our contention here is not to label graffiti as a social territorial crime or a rebellious facet on the part of graffiti artists rather a social behavior and its relation to existing religious beliefs and socio-cultural norms of existing Pakistani social mosaic.

Leadership is in fact a process of influencing followers. Characteristics of leadership are functions of time and situation and differ in different cultures and countries. Managers of international organizations should obtain enough knowledge of these cultural characteristics and differences and should have the utmost versatility while executing their leadership tasks. In this paper we have conducted a survey of the relation between cultures and styles of leadership in different countries. At first characteristics of leadership are discussed in work oriented leadership paradigm and management regimes, in a number of different regions, including China, Japan, U.S.A, Europe, and Arab countries. We also discuss about cross-cultural leadership concept and its challenges. At the end, a comparative analysis is made over the various leadership styles.

The wave propagation in an infinite, homogeneous transversely isotropic solid cylinder of elliptic inner and outer cross-section immersed in a fluid is studied using the Fourier expansion collocation method, within the framework of the linearized, three-dimensional theory of elasticity. The equation of motion of solid and fluid are respectively formulated using the constitutive equations of a transversely isotropic cylinder and the constitutive equation of an inviscid fluid. Three displacement potentional functions are introduced to uncouple the equation of motion. The frequency equations of longitudinal and flexural (symmetric and antisymmetric) modes are analyzed numerically for an elliptic cross-sectional transversely isotropic solid cylinder of elliptic inner and outer cross-section immersed in a fluid. To compare the model with the existing literature, the results of a fluid-loaded transversely isotropic cylinder are obtained and they are compared with the results of Berlinear and Solecki (1996). It shows very good degree of agreement. The computed non-dimensional wave numbers are presented in the form of dispersion curves for the material zinc.

The organic nitrates are widely used in the management of coronary artery disease. They are given not only to patients with stable angina pectoris, but also to those with unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Although they are effective for the treatment of these disorders, their therapeutic value is compromised by the rapid development of tolerance during sustained therapy. Long-acting nitrates can provide protection against the development of angina for up to 12 hours each day if an appropriate dosing regimen or formulation is used. Regimens with proved effectiveness include intermittent transdermal nitroglycerin, standard-formulation isosorbide mononitrate given eccentrically, and sustained-release isosorbide mononitrate given once daily, but there is some concern that nitrate-free periods may have adverse effects in some patients. Although the mechanism of nitrate tolerance has remained elusive, studies in animals suggest that nitrate therapy causes specific biochemical responses in the vasculature that limit the vasodilator effects of nitrates.

At maternity, the systematic approach is undoubtedly one of the main pillars of quality of care. Without it the caregiver can not claim to achieve the maximization of the quality of care. The aim of this quantitative study, is to describe the nursing care provided to women who have given birth in the immediate postpartum period at maternity level in Morocco. Results from the self-administered nurse questionnaire and observations of postpartum care, revealed deficiencies in nurses knowledge of the care approach, a lack of use of a supportive care plan Postpartum and a practice of care without planning or evaluation. 

A trial was conducted during 2005 06 & 2006-06 at All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture Phulbani, Orissa ,India., with an objective to obtain the water loss and economics of the lined ponds .There were three treatments T1-Lined pond with soil cement plaster (6:1) 8cm thickness ,T2-Unlined pond,T-3-No pond.10% of the cropped area was dug for construction of the pond in Lined and Unlined pond treatments. The size of the pond is 7m top widths, 1m-bottom width, 3m heights, and 1:1side slope. The water harvested in pond was reutilized for the pumpkin crop, which was sown only in Lined pond treatment, as there was no water available in unlined pond so the crop was not sown there. Lined pond with soil cement (6:1) plaster of 8cm thickness gave highest Tomato yield of 4.8 t/ha during kharif 2008-09 and radish root yield of 25.5 t/ha in rabi seasons of 2008-09.. The water loss was 326 lit/day in lined pond and 24,000 lit/day in unlined pond. The benefit: cost ratio in lined pond was 3.04 as compared to 1.64 in unlined pond during 2008-09.