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Treatment of crop residues with some species of fungi can enhance their digestibility. This study investigated changes in the nutrient composition of Cassava Starch Residue (CSR) biodegraded with two selected fungi: Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma viride. The experimental designed was a 3x4 factorial arrangement. Biodegradation of CSR for 21days at 30⁰C recorded a significant biomass loss of 33.11% (A. niger), followed by 30.01% (combination of A. niger x T. viride) compared to 27.44% (T. viride). The crude protein  increased significantly (P>0.05)  from 4.05% to 7.16%, 6.84% and 6.88% within 14days for A. niger, T. viride and combination of  A. niger x T. viride respectively. Similarly, the fibre in Cassava Starch Residue decreased from 17.07% to 10.31%, 12.83% and 11.89% for the A. niger, T. viride and combination A. niger x T. viride treatments respectively with a corresponding effect of 2897.1%kcal/kgDM, 2719.2kcal/kgDM and 2739.1kcal/kgDM in the level of metabolisable energy. Cellulose was extensively degraded in all the treatments (P>0.05) than the hemicellulose.  Results of this study suggests that fungal biodegradation of whole cassava starch residue is regulated by a complex combination of various factors and consequently enhanced its nutritional profile.

Successive sampling is used repeatedly to survey a population over time. It allows the first sample to be taken (on the first occasion) and a second sample is then taken (on the second occasion). The scheme provides an opportunity of making use of the information obtained in the first sample in improving on the precision of future estimate. In this study, double sampling for regression estimation was used to determine the current estimate of the mean, minimum variance, maximum precision, estimate of change between the two successive occasions under consideration and estimate of average over the period of the two occasions. The data used were based on students’ enrolment in Oyo state public secondary schools and The data were collected from Planning, Research and Statistics Unit, Oyo State Ministry of Education.The current estimates for the student enrolments in Junior and Senior Secondary Schools were found to be 6,372 and 4,925 students respectively. The variances for the current estimate is more precise when ? approaches unity. Sensitivities increased for both the Junior and Senior secondary schools at 0.7 ? ? ? 1.0. The changes in current estimates between the first and second occasion were found to be -110 and -210 for Junior and Senior Secondary Schools respectively. The negative sign shows that there was decreased in number of the students enrolment in both Junior and Senior Secondary Schools in the current year compared with the previous year. Sensitivity was more in µ? for ? ? 0.32 and in ? for > 0.9225 and > 0.7385 for Junior and Senior Secondary Schools respectively. The estimate of average over time for the student’s enrolment in Junior and Senior Secondary were found to be 12, 823 students and 10,063 students respectively. The gain in information changing from one occasion to the next was 238.98% for junior category and 45.37% for Senior Category.

By refusing to separate the management and workforce into water-tight compartments, the concept of Quality Circles made a radical departure from the western style of management. In the Quality Circle approach, the task performers at the grass-root level are given the privilege of participation in progress and to have a say in the work they do. Similarly, when we apply in academics, we suppose that people performing the tasks can rise to the occasion, solve their problems and recommend solutions provided the knowledge to analyze their problems is given. Ownership and responsibility towards the task are passed to the teachers and students doing the job. Quality Circles in academics do not segregate management, teachers and students into different blocks but treat them all as seekers of truth, together treading the path of knowledge. This in essence is the conceptual frame of the Quality Circles when we apply them in education.

Osmotic dehydration of mango fruits (Mangifer indica L.) is directed towards reduction of its seasonal losses at glut. Effects of sucrose concentrations; 40 to 65°Brix; temperatures; 30 to 50 ºC and time of immersion between 0 to 180 min were studied using samples of diced mango cubes of 2 cm3 dimensions. The measured response variables of water loss, solute gain and performance ratio were subjected to statistical analysis. The results were modelled and optimised on the premise of maximum WL and minimum SG and maximum PR as constraints using the modified distance approach of the response surface methodology (Design Expert 6.08). Optimal osmotic dehydration evaluated were 59.19oBx, 32.06oC and 156.min. of 53.03°Bx sucrose concentration yielded 42.32% WL, 3.41% SG and PR of 10.69 with a desirability of about 89.73%. The results showed that all the input process variables had a significant effect at 5% level of significance (P < 0.05). Optimal process conditions adopted in a semi-continuous pilot plant yielded about 47 (%) water loss and 7.1 (%) solute gain of the initial sample content. The system proved efficient in the treatment of mango with performance ratio in the range of 3 – 7 and could be used in the food industry for the preservation of fruits. More so, the model could be used to predict operational conditions for the OD of other similar fruits. Running title: Optimal osmotic dehydration of mango cubes

In this paper we describes and analyzes the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP),which is a hybrid mobile ad-hoc protocol which fragments the network into overlapping routing zones, allowing for the use of independent protocols within and between the zones. ZRP performance better than other protocols ,but increase network load by use of useless control packets and decrease of network performance.

Background: The parity is the number of times that she has given birth to a fetus with a gestational age of (24) weeks or more, regardless of whether the child was born alive or was stillborn. The aim of this study is to shed more like on the role of effect parity on fibrinogen level. Objectives: study the effect of parity on the plasma fibrinogen in normal pregnant Sudanese women, and determination of levels of plasma fibrinogen in pregnant women Material and method: cross- sectional study was conducted at Algazera& Khartoum states during October to November 2015. (120) normal pregnant women with age ranging (20 – 42) years, classified as (60) non pregnant women (nullparas) as control group, (30) multiparae and (30) grand multipara’s. Results: The concentration of fibrinogen in the multiparae mean (6.20) as compared to (8.52) mg/dl in the control group (P.value 0.266) was insignificant, Grand multipara mean (3.77) as compared to (8.52) mg/dl in the control group (P.value 0.015) were significantly decreased compared to control.Conclusion: Normal pregnant multipara and grand multipara women fibrinogen levels are lower than in aged matched with non pregnant women. These changes are not directly associated with lipid metabolism during pregnancy (8).

Population and workforce, the most important indicators, which should be considered, and the growth of power in each territory are considered. Today, demographic factors and social characteristics of each country or territory, as a major force in determining the fate of the economy - the political and cultural situation, and the quality and efficiency of their current situation and future prospects, can positive and negative factors. The study also examined the distribution of rural and urban populations, migration and dispersal of non-resident population in the country, in order to plan and manage the appropriate distribution of the population, as well as the cause of the distribution is paid. Required data population ( total population, rural population (total, male and female), non-resident population (total, male and female ), and immigrant intake ), this research is provided for each province, and after review and the data transferred to the GIS environment, and maps of each of the demographic factors, to better understand the zoning for the entire country, and the reasons for the uneven distribution of population was described, The results indicate that, Tehran as the country's most populous province, and the province's most vulnerable immigrant is introduced. Ilam, in terms of population and in terms of immigration, there is the last category provinces, Khorasan Razavi province, has the highest rural population, and Qom, has the smallest population is rural, Sistan and Baluchestan Province has the highest number of nomadic populations, and Qom was seen as the minimum number of rural population, had the province in terms of soil and water are no facilities for pastoral work.

This paper explains the process of measuring and analyzing Bank’s total productivity (BTP) and the productivity changes in bank branches using Slack Based Measure (SBM) of DEA and Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI). in Export Development Bank of Iran (EDBI). For this purpose, we have measured and analyzed the productivity growth in EDBI branches using MPI in the period of 2000-2011. The trend of efficiency scores’ moving averages confirms improvement in BTP over the period of study. Moreover, the results show %1 and %2 on average improvement in the productivity of EDBI branches in period 2000 and 2011, respectively.

The solid phase FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of pyridine-2,6-dicarbonyl dichloride (PDD) have been recorded in the regions 4000-400 cm^-1 and 3500-100 cm^-1, respectively. Geometry and vibrational wavenumbers are calculated using ab-initio Hartree-Fock (HF) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods employing the 6-311+G (d,p) basis set. The observed FT-IR and FT-Raman vibrational frequencies have been analyzed and assigned to different normal modes of the molecule. Using PEDs, the contributions are determined for different modes to each wavenumber.

Reading strategies are of interest for what they reveal about the way readers manage their interaction with written text and how these strategies are related to text comprehension. The aims of this study is to compare using of metacognitive strategies in reading skill by advanced, intermediate and elementary levels learners of English language. 200 Iranian EFL students both male and female were participated in this study. Their language proficiency level was classified to elementary, intermediate and advanced learners. It is convincing to mention that the participants were English major in teaching, translation and literature. The researcher utilized a questionnaire which was 22 items based on Likert Scale. The metacognitive reading strategies questionaire (MRSQ)is administered to investigate the frequency of participants'useof metacognitive reading strategies developed by Taraban,Kerr and Rynerson (2004). The results of the chi-square indicate that there is a significant relationship between the proficiency level of the students and their use of meta-cognitive strategies (x2 (8) = 74.67, P = .000 < .05). That is, as proficiency level increases the students make more use of meat-cognitive strategies. It should be also noted that gender as an independent variable in this study didn't cause any significant difference in the performance, i.e., we can claim that no significant differences between male and female students exist regarding the use of metacognitive strategies.