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The accurate recognition of Latin-script, typewritten text is now considered largely a solved problem. Typical accuracy rates exceed 99%, although certain applications demanding even higher accuracy require human review for errors. Other areas—including recognition of hand printing, cursive handwriting, and printed text in other scripts (especially those with a very large number of characters)--are still the subject of active research. Recognition of cursive text is an active area of research, with recognition rates even lower than that of hand-printed text. Higher rates of recognition of general cursive script will likely not be possible without the use of contextual or grammatical information. For example, recognizing entire words from a dictionary is easier than trying to parse individual characters from script. Reading the Amount line of a cheque (which is always a written-out number) is an example where using a smaller dictionary can increase recognition rates greatly. Knowledge of the grammar of the language being scanned can also help determine if a word is likely to be a verb or a noun, for example, allowing greater accuracy. The shapes of individual cursive characters themselves simply do not contain enough information to recognize all handwritten cursive script accurately (greater than 98%). It is necessary to understand that OCR technology is a basic technology also used in advanced scanning applications. Due to this, an advanced scanning solution can be unique and patented and not easily copied despite being based on this basic OCR technology. In this paper, an intelligent system for “OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGINITION” using Artificial Neural Network based approach and a Feature Extraction algorithm before an ANN can be applied for classification of characters which promises to provide increased efficiency for the character recognition is proposed.

Depression is highly variable in terms of presentation of symptoms and the duration of these symptoms. It is characterised by a loss of positive affect and interest in activities and can be differentiated from depressed or sad mood by being more persistent and intense and by being accompanied with cognitive, behavioural and physiological changes as well as functional and social impairment (NICE, 2004) Some of the symptoms a client with depression may experience are lack of joy (anhedonia), loss of feelings (apathy) a feeling of hopelessness, social withdrawal social withdrawal lowered or heightened appetite, sleeping difficulties, pessimistic or negative thoughts and lowered self-esteem (Megna & Simionescu,2006)psychotic symptoms as such delusions or hallucinations may occur in severely depressed clients. The results gleaned from the study done on 30 depressed young women with the age range of 20-25 years afflicted with depression showed that a combination of pleasant and exuberating practices in proportion to patients and medication therapy (re-absorption inhibitors of serotonin (5 HT) and re-absorption inhibitors of Dopamine (5HT) can be very beneficial to the treatment and control of depression disease. So the test group tended from severe depression to mild depression and the control group tended from severe depression to moderate (mild) depression. Although, medication therapy has some moderate effects of treatment process, it cannot be successful in the treatment and control of depression.

In mathematics or its applications, a functional equation is an equation in terms of independent variables, and also unknown functions, which are to be solved for. Many properties of functions can be determined by studying the types of functional equations they satisfy. Usually the term functional equation is reserved for equations that are not in some simple sense reducible to algebraic equations, often because two or more known functions of the variables are substituted as arguments into an unknown function to be solved for. For example: The commutative and associative laws are functional equations. When the associative law is expressed in its familiar form, one lets some symbol between two variables represent a binary operation, thus: (a * b) * c = a * (b * c) But if we write f (a, b) instead of a * b, then the associative law looks more like what one conventionally thinks of as a functional equation: f (f(a, b), c) = f(a, f(b, c))We study generalized quadratic functional equations on quasigroups. These are equations s = t, where each variable appears exactly twice in s = t and each Operational symbol is assumed to be a quasigroup operation on a (fixed) set. A fundamental problem in this class of equations is to investigate their structure and classify them accordingly.

The study was conducted to compare the nutritive values of Jatropha curcas seeds and kernels and the defatted products as well as to determine the correlation between the physical parameters of seeds/kernels and the chemical compositions. Jatropha seeds were collected from four different parts of Ghana where the plant is popularly grown (1. Nyankpala, Northern Region; 2. Wa, Upper West Region; 3. Dambai, Volta Region; and 4. Techiman, Brong Ahafo Region). The seeds were harvested in November, 2012 and the physical parameters of 1000 seed samples were determined. Jatropha seeds and kernels were also defatted to obtain seed and kernel meals respectively. The average whole seed and kernel weights were 0.69 ± 0.04 g and 0.43 ± 0.02 g respectively. The percentage kernel and shell of whole seed weight were in the ranges 61.19 - 62.74 % and 37.26 - 38.81 % respectively. The Kernels were significantly high (P < 0.05) in crude protein, CP (24.56 ±0.45 %) and lipid (56.14 ± 0.28 %) as compared to the whole seed CP (18.66 ± 0.11 %) and lipid (38.09 ± 0.29 %) respectively. The crude fibre was however significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the whole seed (15.70 ± 0.60 %) than the kernel (4.52 ± 0.26 %). The kernel weight had strong positive correlation with lipid value (correlation coefficient, r = 0.862) whereas shell weight showed strong negative correlation with CP and, lipid contents (r = - 0.857 and -0.759 respectively). More also, shell weight showed strong positive correlation with crude fibre content (r = 0.935). The J. curcas whole seeds contained significantly high (P < 0.05) amounts of antinutritional factors like crude phorbol ester (CPE), tannins and phytic acid as compared to the kernel. The J. curcas whole seed meal (WSM) and kernel meal (KM) varied in their nutritional compositions. The KM was very rich in crude protein, CP (64.04 ± 0.16 %) as compared to the WSM (28.60 ± 0.32 %). However, the crude fibre content was significantly low (P < 0.05) in the KM (6.79 ± 39 %) than the WSM (22.96 ± 51 %). The antinutritional factors were also higher in the WSM than the KM. The phytic acid value was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in WSM (9.45 %) than the KM (8.70 %). The CPE concentrations in both WSM (5.92 mg/g) and KM (5.55 mg/g) did not vary significantly (P > 0.05). The tannic acid concentration was however higher in the WSM (0.83 % tannic acid equivalent) while the value in the KM was negligibly lower (0.07 % tannic acid equivalent). The two Jatropha meal types (WSM and KM) contained considerable amounts of macro-minerals like phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The correlations found between some physical parameters (kernel and shell weights) and nutritional characteristics of whole seed and kernels and their respective meal types (WSM and KM) show that some of these parameters could be used as indicators to predetermine both quality and process requirements for Jatropha seeds for use as animal feed.

We are very happy to announce that from 4th July 2016, Dr. A. Sasi Kumar has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Computer Science. Dr. A. Sasi Kumar working as Associate Professor, Vels University, Chennai, India. The appointment of Dr. A. Sasi Kumar as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com.

We are very happy to announce that from 28th September 2013, Dr. Jagdish Labhubhai Kakadiya has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Pharmacology. Dr. Jagdish Labhubhai Kakadiya is currently working as Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Indubhai Patel College of Pharmacy and Research Centre, Petlad-Khambhat Road, Dharmaj-388430, Anand, Gujarat. The appointment of Dr. Jagdish Labhubhai Kakadiya as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

We are very happy to announce that from 15th June 2016, Dr. M.V. Raghavendra Rao has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Microbiology. Dr. M.V. Raghavendra Rao working as Professor and Head Microbiology and Immunology, and Dean of students affairs, Avalon University School of Medicine, Curacao. The appointment of Dr. M.V. Raghavendra Rao as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com.

We are very happy to announce that from 26th February 2016, Dr. Maulin Pramod Shah has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Microbiology. Dr. Maulin Pramod Shah working as a Visiting Faculty at Ankleshwar Environmental Preservation Society (A.E.P.S), Ankleshwar, Recognized by Technical Education Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat. The appointment of Dr. Maulin Pramod Shah as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com.

We are very happy to announce that from 3rd October 2015, Dr. Murtaza Kamal has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Medical Sciences. Dr. Murtaza Kamal working as Senior Resident in Department of Pediatrics, VMMC & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India. The appointment of Dr. Murtaza Kamal as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com.

We are very happy to announce that from 16th December 2015, Dr. Praveen Agarwal has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Mathematics. Dr. Praveen Agarwal working as Professor, Department of Mathematics, Anand International College of Engineering Jaipur. The appointment of Dr. Praveen Agarwal as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com.