Bio Technology

Sullage was treated using activated carbon from selected agrowastes (rice husk, corn cob and coconut husk). Agrowastes were carbonized at 600oC and chemically activated using phosphoric acid (H3PO4), and then used as adsorbents for the removal of chemical compounds: pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), nitrate (NO3-), phosphate (PO4-), chloride (Cl-) and sulphate (SO42-) using titration and spectrophotometer methods. Initial concentration of the chemical parameters of sullage samples showed COD to be 486.2±87 mg/l, BOD, 175.0±3.1 mg/l; pH, 7.33±0.1; Cl-, 31.0±5.5 mg/l; NO3-, 28.6±24 ppm; PO4-, 7.08±3.2 ppm and SO42-, 347.08±67.1 ppm. After treatments, COD ranged from 122.2±10 - 190.5±25 mg/l, BOD, 44.0±3.5 – 68.6.0±9.0 mg/l, pH, 7.08±0.1 - 7.18±0.1, Cl-, 17.28 - 21.13 mg/l, NO3-, 0.0 - 12.79 ppm and sulphate 117.7 - 251.7 ppm. There was significant difference (p?0.05) between the untreated and the treated sullage samples. The efficiency of the individual adsorbents in reducing the chemical parameters was of this order: ricehusk > corncob > coconut husk. In combination it was, rice husk+corncob+coconuthusk > ricehusk+corncob > corncob+coconuthusk > ricehusk+coconuthusk. High percentage reduction observed of chemical properties revealed that activated carbons from rice husk, corn cob and coconut husk can be used singly or combined for the purification of sullage.

Plants are important source of drugs for majority of the world population. The chemical components in Lippia citriodora help in treating various diseases especially about nervous system illnesses. The present investigation was carried out to determine the chemical compounds present in the stem cuttings of L.citriodora with using GC-MS analysis. The analysis revealed the presence of 26 compounds in the stem cutting. The major compounds were citral (10.63%), Geraniol (10.01%), neral (9.21%), Geranial (7.94%), 4-Phenyl undecan 4-ol (6.78%), 1-octen-3-ol (6.54%). The major and minor constituents were also observed.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of addition of Yttria partially stabilized Zirconia powder to dental porcelain being incorporated in 3,5 and 7-percent by weight on some mechanical properties. The measured properties were flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, fracture toughness and hardness. Samples were prepared according to the manufacturers instructions. Zirconia powder was thoroughly mixed with the porcelain powder in the correct weight percent before use. Flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and fracture toughness were measured using three-point bending test. The hardness was measured using a conventional microhardness tester. All data were collected and analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD test (p=0.05). The results indicated that the addition of 3 % and 5 % of Yttria partially stabilized Zirconia to the conventional dental porcelain powder resulted in increased flexural strength and fracture toughness of the porcelain. On the contrary, 3 % and 5 % zirconia decreased both the modulus of elasticity and hardness. In addition, 7 % zirconia decreased all tested properties. X-ray examination showed that zirconia addition increased the radiopacity of the material. It was concluded that zirconia-modified dental porcelain was stronger and tougher than the conventional unmodified ceramic.

Thevetia peruviana, cultivated as an ornamental plant and planted as large flowering shrub, belongs to the family Apocynacea. The aim of this study is to screen the phytochemicals present in the leaves of Thevetia peruviana and further analysis of the components present in it by GC- MS analysis.The leaves were sequetially extracted based on the polarity viz., hexane , acetone and methanol and subjected to phytochemical screening which revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavanoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, quinones and saponins.The GC- MS analysis of the acetone extract revealed the presence of 33 compounds. This study forms a basis for the biological characterization and importance of the compounds identified.

Three accessions of Phyllanthus niruri L., from three different localities were assessed for their fruit or seed germination in vitro and ex vitro. Dried fruits (undehisced seeds) of P. niruri accessions collected from Greater Accra (Kwabenya), Central (Kasoa) and Eastern (Aburi) regions of Ghana did not germinate when nursed both in vitro and ex vitro. However, seeds from 3, 5 or 7 days dehisced fruits germinated with 7 days dehisced seeds having the highest percentage (68.8%) germination when nursed (ex vitro) in the same soil substrate suggesting that there was fruit wall imposed dormancy. To improve percentage germination, dehisced seeds were cultured on Murashige and skoog (1962) (MS) medium supplemented with 0-1.2 mg/l BAP or kinetin. At these treatments, dehisced seeds cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1.2 mg/l BAP had the highest percentage (61.1%) of germination with poor germination of seeds occurring in MS medium supplemented with kinetin. Data were also taken on root and shoot proliferation as well.

Chlorella sp., Scenedesmus sp., and Neochloris sp. were isolated from fresh water ponds in and around Gandhigram, Dindigul District, Tamilnadu, India and used for lipid extraction. Different methods, including autoclaving, bead-beating, microwaves, sonication and a 10% NaCl solution treatments were tested to identify the most effective cell disruption method. The total lipids from three microalgal species were extracted using a mixture of chloroform and methanol. Fatty acid composition was detected by GC. Finally the sonication method was found to be the most applicable and efficient method of lipid extraction from microalgae. Neochloris sp. showed higher oleic acid productivity of 18.09 mg g-1 dw but Chlorella sp. was linoleic acid productivity of 17.61 mg g-1 dw when the cells were disrupted using the sonication method.

Since 2005, Ethiopia’s national guideline for tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) collaborative activity recommend HIV testing and counseling as part of routine TB care. However, the number of patients with TB that know their HIV status remains low. The objective of our study was to assess the HIV testing and counseling among patients with TB at Arbaminch Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. We conducted a cross sectional study from January to April 2012 at Arbaminch Hospital (AMH). Patients newly diagnosed with TB who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled for this study. We calculated our sample size using a single proportion formula and participants were recruited sequentially. Socio-demographic and TB/HIV related information for study participants were collected using a pre-tested interviewer administered questionnaire. The HIV status and other clinical data of study participants were taken from the TB treatment registration book in the TB clinic. We enrolled a total of 76 people newly diagnosed patients with TB. The majority of study participants (92%) reported that they were consulted by physician to take an HIV test when they were diagnosed with TB. Among study participants consulted by physician to get HIV testing, 88.6% were willing to get tested among which majority has their status documented. After the test, only 41.4% (n=24/58) received counseling services among which 33.3% (n=8/24) tested HIV positive. Overall, 23.7% of the study participants were receiving anti-TB treatment and had unknown HIV status. Most of the patient related factors we assessed were not associated with obtaining consultation and counseling services or with willingness to get tested. Provision of HIV testing and counseling service for people with TB in the Hospital was low and poorly integrated, which illustrates that work remains to be done to ensure all people with TB have a known HIV status. It sounds like improving the awareness of physicians on the benefit of HIV testing and improving coordination between physicians and TB clinic workers is of paramount importance in improving the uptake of consultation and counseling services, and in increasing willingness of TB patients to get tested.

The study was carried out to isolate Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) from cow feces meat as well as screening bioactive compound produced from isolated LAB via well-in agar method. The identification of LAB through biochemical test consists of sugar test and milk curdles. Isolated LAB was ferment at 37°C for 24 hours. One type of LAB was successfully isolated, namely Lactococcus sp.

Type 2 diabetes(TIIDM) aging-related disorder, is caused by a combination of peripheral insulin resistance and ?-cell dysfunction .Recent evidence, however, suggests that TIIDM is additionally characterized by impaired ?-cell regeneration and reduced ?-cell mass .Shortened telomeres have been previously associated with diabetes in several small-scale studies(Zhu et al.,2011). Measurement of telomere length in diabetic patients in different age and different duration of disease and compared with control. Also included the comparison telomere length between male and female for both control and diabetic groups and between patients from genetic origin (mother origin or father origin) and patients from non genetic origin. Genomic DNA was prepared from whole blood extraction using genaid kit and was quantified by Nanodrop .Terminal restriction fragment (TRF) lengths were measured using the Southern-blotting technique .This study was conducted between November 2010- November 2012 and, it was carried out at the diabetic Centre / Merjan Teaching Hospital in Babel Province by taking 54 diabetic patients(Type II DM) with disease duration (0-5),(>5-10 )and (>10 )years ,with age average (35-65 year)and most of them were on oral hypoglycemic drugs. While the study included 18 people apparently healthy that included 9 male and 9 female with age average (35-65 year). The study revealed that telomere length(TL) were differences between males and females of control group. Age- adjusted telomere length were shorter in males than in females of control subjects (13,200 bp ) vs. (11,600 bp), (14,200 bp) vs. (13,000 bp) and (15,100 bp) vs. (13,800 bp),and this differences in TL between males and females decreased as aging increased, while this gender differences in TL was not observed among the diabetic patients .In both the controls group and diabetic subjects, the telomere length were shorter in older subjects than younger for both males and females.

Nutritional value of space-controlled, fertilized and air-dried F1 Pennisetum purpureum as basal diet for lactating ruminants in the dry season was investigated. Established paddock of three blocks and four plots, each measuring 4m × 4m, with different spacing of 75cm and 100cm in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement; using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was cut back to 20cm above ground level, using a metric tape. Urea fertilizer and Poultry manure analyzed for nitrogen was applied at the rate of 200kgN/ha each; to individual plot in the Experimental Layout labelled T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. The treatments were significantly different (p<0.05) across the layouts. Proximate composition, micro and macro minerals and microbial load varied among treatments. Crude protein (%) ranged from 12.90 (T1) to 13.31(T4), Ether extract(%); 1.93(T4) - 4.54(T2) and Ash(%); 10.62 (T4) - 12.54(T1). The macro mineral content were not significantly different (p>0.05) between TI and T2, likewise T3 and T4, respectively. Micro nutrients recorded significant (p<0.05) values ranges of Zinc (Zn) 56.84 Mg/g (T2) to 58.31Mg/g(T3), Manganese (Mn); 31.06 Mg/g (T1) to 34.14 Mg/g (T3), Iron (Fe) value was high in T4 with a record value of 124.18 Mg/g. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the value of Copper (Cu) for T1, T2 and T3. Total Bacteria, Total Fungal, Total Viral and Total coliform Counts were significantly different (p<0.05) among treatments. Space-controlled, fertilized and air-dried F1 pennisetum purpureum; based on findings from this study is adjudged nutritious and as such recommended as a basal diet for lactating ruminants during dry season.