Psychology

Present study was conducted to develop and validate an indigenous inventory, for the measurement of cognitive and behavioral development in the adult learners, because at present no appropriate scale is available through which one can measures these learning domains in Pakistani cultural context, therefore scale was developed through standardized procedure. Such as, related literature was studied and various rationales were floated in the population of the study. Informal discussions were also held on the topic. On the basis of responses of students, the researcher generated about 90 items for the instrument. After item evaluation through experts’opinion the numbers of the items were reduced to 60and few changes and modifications were also made in proposed scale. A tool consisting of 60 items was administered on male (80), female (100) of higher secondary and degree level students for the empirical evaluation of each item. The researcher analyzed data with the help of SPSS 16.0 by using factor analysis, correlation, alpha coefficient and percentile analysis. After factor analysis 10 more items were deleted from the scale and only 50items were retained in finalized scale , furthermore, five basic dimensions emerged as the result of varimax rotation which were termed as subscales namely, Personal, social and academic factors (10 items), Cognitive maturity (14 items), Learning Distracters (11 Items), Proactive Behavior ( 8 Items) and Synergy (07 Items). For the establishment of norms percentile scores were calculated, the higher score on cognitive and behavioural development indicates higher level of cognitive and behavioural maturity. On the basis of its reliability and validity scale is considered reliable and valid tool for the measurement of cognitive development of the adult learners.

Substance use disorders include substance abuse and substance dependence. Abuse refers to a maladaptive pattern of substance use not amounting to dependence, but lending to harmful consequences in personal, situational, social and interpersonal areas. The term substance dependence is related to physiological and behavioral symptoms of substance use. It is a cluster of physiological, behavioral and cognitive phenomena in which the use of a substance or a class of substances takes on a much higher priority for a given individual than other behaviors that once had greater value. Substance abuse may lead to addiction or substance dependence. Dependence almost always implies abuse, but abuse frequently occurs without dependence, particularly when an individual first begins to abuse a substance. Dependence involves physiological processes while substance abuse reflects a complex interaction between the individual, the abused substance and society. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of general self-efficacy, stressful events, style of coping and perceived support in a group of treated alcohol dependents but currently having a relapse to determine whether or not they differ from non-relapsed, on any of the measures. In sample, one group consists of forty patients who were diagnosed as ADS according to ICD – 10 criteria and currently either admitted at Alcohol De-addiction Centers, or seen at the OP Clinic for a relapse formed the experimental group (RLPS Group). In second group of forty patients who were met ADS criteria and currently abstinent for more than one year formed the control group (N-RLPS Group). The tools used in this study are Michigan Alcohol Screening Test, The General Self-Efficacy Scale, Presumptive stressful life events scale, Ways of Coping scale (revised) and Multi dimensional Scale of perceived social support were used for both the groups. The results indicated that, statistically significant positive correlation found between social support on self efficacy and significant negative correlation found between social support and stressful life events. It provided further evidence in support of the importance of certain clinical and psychosocial factors in relapse in substance dependence.

This study was designed to explore personality Big Five factors i.e. Agreeableness, Extraversion, Openness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism relationships with Emotional Intelligence. The research was carried out to in two parts, part one was concerned with the pilot study. For this a random sample of 80 students from four public and private universities was collected. To measure the personality big five factors of universities students the Mini Marker Set of 40 item was used and for Emotional Intelligence TEQue-SF of 30 items was used. In order to determine the psychometric properties of research questionnaires various statistical analysis were performed. Result showed that all items of both scales were significantly correlated with their respect total scales. Part 2 was consisted of main study; the sample of the main study was collected through stratified random sampling. The sample was consisted of 200 students among them 67 male and 133 female students. All of them were studying at the Master level, their ages ranged from 17 years to 27 years, among them 88 from management sciences, 78 from social sciences and 34 from humanities. After the data collection it was analyzed with alpha reliability, coefficient correlations, percentile, mean and SD. The result revealed that personality factors Agreeableness, Extraversion and Openness were positively correlated with emotional intelligence whereas Neuroticism was negatively correlated with emotional intelligence personality factor Conscientiousness have insignificant correlated to emotional intelligence. The private sector universities students have higher score on extraversion and lower score on conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness as compare to public universities students. Students of public sector universities have low score on emotional intelligence as compared with students of private university students.

The present study examined the relationship between self-efficacy and locus of control in light of gender differences among college students. The data of 80 college students (40 males & 40 females) were drawn from in and around Fatehgarh Sahib. General Self-efficacy Scale & Rotter’s Locus of control Scale were used for the study. The t-test and correlation analysis were used for statistical investigation. Results indicated that a significant negative relationship has been found between self-efficacy and locus of control. Overall, males had higher level of self-efficacy as compared to females. Also, male students reported more internal locus of control than females.

The child is a gift given to each couple. Their growth process from children to adults plays an important role in shaping their personal qualities and behaviors. This reading is carried out in order to determine how the nature of the child is formed from a baby. This study emphasizes the child's development from the angle of cognitive and personality.

An earthquake measuring 7.6 Richter that rocked Kashmir (India) on October 8, 2005 struck without any warning, wreaking a trail of death and destruction. But the psychological after-effects among the survivors can last longer and are generally overlooked because the immediate focus is on the rescue-and-relief operations. Even as the disaster left people, already reeling under years of unremitting terrorist violence, shaken, it also underscored the lack of disaster management in seismically active, remote mountainous areas. The deaths led to the emotional and psychological trauma among those who survived the tragedy. While the physical and material relief poured in, the psychological help for the survivors struggling to come to terms with the trauma was, however, starkly missing.

The purpose of the study was to establish psychosocial factors affecting marital stability among middle-age couples in Suneka, Kisii. The study used a descriptive research design. The target population of the research was 1000. Yaro Yamane’s formulae was used to obtain a sample size of 285. The data was collected using a questionnaire with 32 items. The data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 and the statistics presented using frequency tables and pie charts. The results of the study indicated that contrary to God’s desire for couples—man and woman to stay together in their marriage union, there is increased divorce. This is as result of various theories about how marriage ought to be which means for couples to stay together there is need for biblical teachings to clearly state the purpose of home and the family as well as emphasize the importance of marriage, marriage enrichment, and marital commitment. However, as much as communication is at the center of a highly functioning marriage, quality sexual performance by the couples is the main tributary of it—the only key communication which enhances the joyful and thankful relationship.

Infertility has a strong and negative impact in several areas of the individual’s life. The infertile women may lose prestige in society, may develop a low self-esteem, and may lose hope for the future. This study compared psychosocial responses in 90 infertile women and normal women. An ex post facto design was used. The subjects of the present study were infertile women in an infertility treatment center in Ahwaz, Iran. Women selected by randomly sampling. The women completed the psychosocial responses. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance. Differences were found between the groups on the psychosocial responses (self-image/self-esteem, guilt/blame, sexuality problems, and interpersonal relationship).

Different characteristics of teachers are perceived as important factors for motivating students to learn. According to Meek (1989), Escalante explained that "a teacher has to possess love and knowledge and then has to use this combined passion to be able to accomplish something" (p. 47). Mckeachie (1999)notes that : interaction , particularly with peers , is an important motivator for many students. In this study, we investigated the relationship between teachers’ ability and students ‘ motivations. Participants are1000 students at Intermediate level. This study was conducted in Khorasan foreign languages institute in Kashmar. Participants were given questionnaires and asked to answer the questions. This research uses information from students to explore the relationship between teachers ‘ability and students ‘motivations. The data from the questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS. After analyzing the data, it was clear that there is a significant correlation between teachers' ability and students' motivation.

Corporal Punishment was outlawed in Kenya in line with the Children’s Act of 2001. Consequently, alternative forms of discipline were recommended in our Schools. The purpose of this study was to investigate teachers’ perception on the effectiveness of the forms of alternative discipline used in Kajiado County, Kenya. This study was guided by the following objectives: Teachers’ perception of the effectiveness of alternative forms of discipline; exploration of challenges that teachers face in administering these forms of discipline in Kajiado County. This study comprised all public secondary school teacher counsellors, and disciplinary Committee teachers. Twenty participants were selected using purposive sampling technique. Qualitative research approach, and phenomenological design were used in this study. Data was generated using a structured interview guide, and analyzed thematically. Verbatim analysis was used to report direct quotations from the statements made by the participants to capture their strong feelings about the phenomenon. The study revealed that alternative forms of discipline were effective in behavior modification. This study also found out that, lack of counseling rooms, uncooperative teacher attitude, an overloaded curriculum, inconsistence in disciplining students, blurred role of teacher counsellor, and untrained teacher counsellors were challenges that schools faced in the implementation of alternative forms of discipline in schools. Teachers suggested that workshops should be conducted to make them aware of the alternative forms of discipline. The findings of this study will be useful to head-teachers, teachers and policy makers in education in terms of formulation of policy guidelines.