Bio Technology

World population growth and increasing needs to various industries have led to the accumulation of a wide variety of contaminants in the environment and natural resources. Synthetic dyes have been widely used in many industries. The contamination of receiving water bodies by heavy metals constitutes a major environmental concern as these contaminants are extremely toxic, recalcitrant, and exhibit a tendency to bioaccumulate. Although heavy metals can be removed from industrial wastewater by a range of physicochemical treatment technologies such as precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption, electrochemical processes, and membrane processes; however, regulatory standards are not always sufficient. As an alternative, biological treatments are a relatively inexpensive way to remove dyes from wastewater. These methods have the advantage over such as low operating cost, minimization of the concentration of pollutant and high efficiency in detoxifying very dilute effluents. In this paper, two types of bacteria were tested in the removal of crystal violet dye from textile effluent. Complete physico-chemical characterizations of the effluent have been measured. Bio-Log identification indicated that the two bacterial isolates are Bacillus Pumilus and Micrococcus lylae. Removal efficiency was 89.47 % and 88.4% respectively. Complete characterizations of such type of bacteria have been tested.

The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in in-vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of plantain peel (PPL) after its biodegradation with Aspergillus niger and also to determine the effect of degraded PPL on the performance, nutrient digestibility, weights of internal organs , haematological and serum parameters of broiler finishers. A total of 165 unsexed broiler finishers were used. The design was Completely Randomized. Aspergillus niger was used for the biodegradation of PPL. There were five dietary treatments of 33 birds each. There were 0 % inclusion level of PPL, 7% inclusion level of undegraded PPL (UPPL) and 3,5 and 7% inclusion levels of degraded PPL (DPPL).Weight gained was significantly (P<0.05) higher with the birds fed degraded PPL. Feed conversion ratio was significantly (P<0.05) highest in birds placed on 7% UPPL (3.38). There were significant (P<0.05) differences in the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and crude fibre. Crop, gizzard and abdominal fat were significantly (P<0.05) affected. The values of Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Total Protein, Cholesterol and Glucose were significantly (P<0.05) different in Haematological and serum biochemical parameters. Fungal biodegradation of PPL using A.niger has the potential of enhancing feed intake, nutrient digestibility and the body weight gain of broiler.

This research was aimed at bio-ethanol production by fungi capable of producing cellulases and to convert pre-treated lingo-cellulosic material to fermentable sugars. The lingo-cellulosic material such as sugarcane bagasses, sugarcane leaves, rice husk or wheat bran were used as substrates. Fungi were isolated from soil samples collected from various regions. The pure cultures were screened for the ability to degrade cellulose. The fungi capable of cellulose production were identified as Trichoderma sp based on colony characters, microscopic observation and identification. The substrates were powdered and pretreated with fungal isolates using Mandels’ and Reese media. The substrates were used as a carbon source. Then optimization studies were carried out by using five bio-mass substrates at different pH, temperature and incubation period. Analysis was done by using Gas Chromatography. Sugarcane bagasses, Juice waste, Rice husk, Wheat bran, and Dry leaves were treated with Trichoderma isolates. Sugarcane bagasse and juice waste have shown highest concentrat ion of reducing sugars of 45.95 mg/g and 40.56 mg/g respectively and ethanol yield of 51.15 % and 46.5 % respectively. Dry leaves, Wheat bran and Rice husk have shown less reducing sugars of 33.32 mg/g, 30.32 mg/g, and 29.45 mg/g and ethanol yield 11.1 %, 7.15 %, and 6 % respectively as compared with sugarcane bagasse and juice waste.

The present study was conducted to investigate the association between some single nucleotide polymorphisms in hspa1b and hspa1l genes with the incidence of severe oligozoospermia in Iraq. Blood samples were obtained from Kamal Al-Samraee hospital for fertility, infertility and in vitro fertilization –Baghdad - Iraq .Blood samples were collected from 50 of severe oligozoospermic patients and 50 apparently healthy subjects (control group). Data related with age, smoking status and semen parameters (concentration, semen volume, sperm motility and sperm abnormality) were obtained using questioner forma for each patient. DNA was extracted from all blood samples by using Promega Kit ,then the extracted DNA was used for amplification of targeted fragments genes using PCR.PCR products were incubate with the restriction enzymes used in this study(PstI and NcoI ,respectively). Then subject to electrophoresis for identification the genotypes of rs1061581 G > A SNP in hspa1b gene and rs2227956 C > T SNP in gene. The PCR products of positive samples were sent for sequencing to confirm the results. . As related with rs1061581 G 0.05) higher in control group than in severe oligozoospermic patients (48 versus 40% ,respectively).Whereas , the frequency of AA genotype was significantly (p > 0.05) higher in severe oligozoospermic patients group than in control group (38 versus 24% ,respectively).G allele frequency was 52 and 42% ; and A allele frequency was 48 and 58 % in control and severe oligozoospermic patients group , respectively. As related with rs2227956 C > T SNP (hspa1l gene) , the frequency of TT genotype was significantly(p<0.05) higher in severe oligozoospermic patients group than in control group( 42 versus 34 % ,respectively) .C allele frequency was 41 and 35% ; and T allele frequency was 59 and 65% in control and severe oligozoospermic patients group ,respectively. It can be concluded that homozygous mutants (AA genotype in rs1061581 G

Different organic solvent and aqueous extracts of leaf, stem bark and root bark of Annona squamosa L. were subjected separately to test their antibacterial activity by in-vitro methods like Disc diffusion method, agar well diffusion method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration method. The extracts of Annona squamosa L. shows a wide spectrum of antibacterial activities. The chemical compounds present in the experimental plant are biologically active and inhibit the growth of human pathogenic bacteria. Four species of bacteria were selected for the present study. Among them one is gram negative (Escherichia coli) and other three are gram positive (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megatherium, Bacillus cereus). The experimental results obtained justified the folk use of this species as a cicatrizant and vulnery agent.

Biofuel, is committed to becoming a worldwide leader in the development and deployment of renewable energy resources. Biofuels have been one of the substances at the forefront of the discussion. A number of sources for the production of biofuels have been considered. The production of energy from renewable and waste materials is an attractive alternative to the conventional agricultural feed stocks. Algae mainly microalgae have recently gained a lot of attention as a new biomass source for the production of renewable energy. Microalgae can provide several different types of renewable biofuel including methane produced by anaerobic digestion of the algal biomass, biodiesel derived from microalgal oil and photobiologically produced biohydrogen. Algae have received global attention as a renewable resource of biodiesel and may play an important role as a component contributing to the economic growth of the northeastern (NE) region of India. Exploitation of algal diversity and its sustainable use as a feedstock for biodiesel through biotechnological interventions is the need of the hour to ensure future energy security. Many microalgae are exceedingly rich in oil which can be converted to biodiesel using existing technology. In dramatic contrast with the best oil-producing crops, microalgal biodiesel has the potential to be able to completely displace petroleum-derived transport fuels without adversely affecting supplies of food and other agricultural products.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of nitrite in urine, protein concentration and nitrite level in the microsomal plus soluble fraction of liver in wistar rats administered with sodium nitrite and dimethylamine hydrochloride. Wistar rats were divided into three groups, the first group was given a single concurrent dose of 50mg/kg of dimethylamine hydrochloride and 62.05mg/kg of sodium nitrite, the second group was given 62.05mg/kg of sodium nitrite and control group was given water and food only ad libitum. The methods used were cell fractionation, homogenization, centrifugation and spectrophotometry. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the concentration of nitrite in urine of rat, in the protein concentration and nitrite level in the microsomal plus soluble fraction of liver in all the experimental groups compared to the control. After exposure to UV-light there was a decrease in the level of nitrite in all the groups, which indicates that nitrite may form nitroso compounds by reacting with a nitrosatable compound. This study shows the level of nitrite in urine of wistar rat, the level of protein and nitrite in microsomal plus soluble fraction of rats and the UV degradation of precursors of N-nitrosamine.

A vast amount of dye effluent from textile industries cause severe water pollution as it comprises of xenobiotic azo dyes that are recalcitrant to biodegradation. Continual research is going on worldwide to develop effective, economical and environment-friendly treatment processes while biological treatment is considered the most promising in all aspects. This study aims at the evaluation of textile dye decolourizing capability of naturally occurring fungi. After screening, 4 fungal species identified as Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavipes, A. luchuensis and Penicillium rubrum from dye effluent were found as potential decolourizer, exhibiting strong to mild decolorization of Novacron dyes viz. Blue FNR, Red FNR, Yellow FN2R, Orange W3R and Navy WB at habitat concentration of 0.05% after 3, 5 and 7 days of co-incubation in Czepex-Dox broth medium. Maximum decolourization usually found at 7 days. Notably, A. fumigatus and A. flavipes exhibited 85-99% decolourization of all the dyes. In contrast, A. luchuensis selectively decolourized 76-80% of yellow FN2R and blue FNR. P. rubrum also caused significant decolourization of red FNR, yellow FN2R and orange W3R. This study thus elucidates that indigenous microorganisms of textile effluent cause remarkable degradation of azo dyes and can be used as potent agent in their bioremediation.

Present work deals with assessing antimicrobial activity of C.carandas against multidrug resistant pathogenic bacteria. Leaf, stem and root were collected, dried and extracted using standard methods for flavonoids, alkaloids and steroids. Extracts were screened by using ‘Disc Diffusion Assay’. Minimum inhibitory concentration, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Total activity, Mean and Standard Deviation were calculated. S.aureus was found to be the most susceptible organism followed by B.subtilis and E.coli. Bound Flavonoid of roots showed the best activity against B.subtilis (IZ= 15mm, MIC= 0.312mg/ml, MBC=0.156mg/ml, TA=3.20ml/g). Results reveal that extracts of C.carandas have good antimicrobial potential and may be exploited for antimicrobial drugs

Apart from soluble and insoluble pool of glycogen ethanol also affects the third pool of glycogen present at the cell surface level of yeast. ?-glucans which play an important role in the process of yeast flocculation also contribute to this third pool of glycogen in yeast cells as confirmed by amyloglucosidase treatment. Cells grown in the presence of ethanol exhibit higher amount of surface ?-glucans indicating the role of ethanol in enhancing flocculation in yeast. Addition of Ca2+ as well as both Ca2+ and ethanol collectively to yeast culture medium exhibits both increase in cell wall bound insoluble glycogen content and surface ?-glucans. Ethanol action on yeast cells also exhibits rise in the content of cell surface glycoprotein which includes glucomannoproteins and galactomannoproteins present in the outer layer of cell wall. Thus yeast cells exhibit increase in the level of cell wall bound insoluble glycogen, surface ?-glucansas well as surface glycoprotein as a protective measure against ethanol stress. Thus both Ca2+ and ethanol enhance flocculation in yeast cells where the level of flocculence is correlated with the cell surface ?-glucans.