Social Sciences

Social work is one of the unique training and profession which strives to enhance the human being through sustain their capabilities and inherent strengths. In practice arena the profession is using various models, approach and intervention modalities to meet the needs and to ameliorate the problems of individual, families, groups, organisation and community. The prime goal of social work practice is to empower the individuals at different level. Empowerment has been a consistent theme within the social work profession for over a century. Hence NASW (1996) directed in its ethical preamble that “The primary mission of the social work profession is to enhance human well-being and help meet the basic human needs of all people, with particular attention to the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty”.

Many schools have registered violent conflicts that have led to property destruction and disruption of learning activities in the affected schools. This is attributed to poor communication mechanisms between the students and the school administration. In the light of this, this study purposed to assess the influence of prefects’ involvement in communication on conflict resolution in public secondary schools. The study used descriptive survey design with a total of 33 public secondary schools that had 33 school principals, 33 Guidance and counseling teachers, a total of 292 prefects (head boys, head girls and class secretaries) and 1772 Form Three students. This gave a target population of 2130. A stratified sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 10 schools. Piloting was done in two public secondary schools. Split half method was used to ascertain the reliability and the results correlated using Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient. A correlation coefficient of 0.87 was obtained and this was used to ascertain the reliability of the instruments. The researcher applied content validity to measure the relevance of the research instrument. Data collected were coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). They were then analyzed using descriptive statistics and the results presented using frequency distribution tables and percentages. The study found out that involving prefects in communication enhances conflict resolution. This was supported by 60% of the principals who strongly agreed while the other 40% agreed to it. Similarly, 50% of the guidance and counseling teachers, 51.79% of the prefects and 35.14% of the students agreed. Based on these findings, it was concluded that involving prefects in communication enhances conflict resolution in public secondary schools. Therefore, it was recommended that prefects be actively and effectively involved in communication in the management and administration of public secondary schools.

Platelets rich plasma (PRP) is reported to facilitate muscle regeneration both in vitro and animal studies. The aim of the study was to evaluate the intramuscular of PRP on growth factors and the regeneration of exercise induced muscle damaged (EIMD).Volunteers were assigned to a control (n=6) or PRP (n=6), and performed exhaustive exercise with one repetition maximum (1RM-80%) maximal voluntary contraction of the elbow. The arms were treated with saline or PRP post-24h exercise and blood samples were obtained in the morning to establish a baseline value and also 1-4 days post-exercise. The baseline levels of plasma insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were different whilst growth hormone (GH) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) levels were similar in both groups. However, 24 h following exercise increased levels of IGF-1, GH and IGFBP-3 in control were observed. PRP up-regulated PDGF-BB and VEDF, it also inhibited GH, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels post-exercise.

The Local Governments (LG) in Malaysia has certainly been accountable to implement, and subsequently achieve, the ISO 9000 accreditation. However, to date, most of the PBT organizations have still failed to accomplish this target. The purpose of this study is to identify the barriers of the main organizational behavior of ISO 9000 implementation in LG organizations. This study also seeks to determine whether or not these barriers are different between the types of LG organizations. The related data had been gathered through the questionnaire survey and was analysed using quantitative methods. As an output, the descriptive statistical analysis shows that there are three main barriers that have been faced by the LG organizations in implementing ISO 9000, those of which are the negative perception or attitude towards quality among employees, employees’ culture towards quality programmes and the lack of cooperation among internal departments. This study has also found two additional organizational behavior barriers that have never been discussed previously, known as the change of the Yang Dipertua/Mayor and the non-existence of proper quality management department, division or unit.

A prominent scholar, depicting the picture of Women in India, today, has maintained: There is no doubt that we are in the midst of a great revolution in the history of women. The evidence is everywhere; the voice of women is increasingly heard in Parliament, courts and in the streets. While women in the West had to fight for over a century to get some of their basic rights, like the right to vote, the Constitution of India gave women equal rights with men from the beginning. Unfortunately, women in this country are mostly unaware of their rights because of illiteracy and the oppressive tradition. Names like Kalpana Chawla: The Indian born, who fought her way up into NASA and was the first women in space, and Indira Gandhi: The Iron Woman of India was the Prime Minister of the Nation, Beauty Queens like Aishwarya Rai and Susmita Sen, and Mother Teresa are not representative of the condition of Indian women.

With the institutionalization of the establishment of Special Education (SPED) centers in every school districts in the country through the Department of Education Order No. 26 of 1997, the role of instructional supervisors has become more challenging. In addition to the supervision of the conduct of instruction in the regular schools, the supervisors now have to oversee the SPED instruction as well. This qualitative study utilized the key informant interview technique, using an interview guide consisting of four (4) open-ended questions. Results of the study showed that supervisors and SPED coordinators used classroom observation, walk through and random visitation as primary means of supervising the SPED instructions in their respective schools. While the respondents were aware of the different requirements needed for SPED supervision, they reported that there was no difference in the way they supervise SPED from the regular schools. Further, the respondents also reported that they are mostly challenged by their lack of knowledge and training on the proper conduct of SPED instruction, constrained human and material resources, including the needed collaboration with the regular teachers and parents. For future development, the respondents reported that there is a need for professional growth and advancement as well as the development of supervision tools specific to SPED instruction. Thru these findings, the researcher proposes the CAST model for SPED instructional supervision i.e., Competency, Attitude, Structure and Tools. This indigenous instructional supervision model addresses the needs identified in order to advance as well as to enhance the supervision of instruction in SPED in Philippine schools.

Population Increasing, garbage producing and land decreasing for burial is problems and issues of today's big cities that the need for recycling and waste reduction techniques in production and landfill and is increasingly considered Day-to-day accordingly. One of the most useful methods in the field of reuse of dry garbage is to segregate from origin by Citizenries and create incentives for their participation increases. For example, the daily productions of 15 tons of paper in Mashhad shows more and more need to review and develop appropriate strategies to encourage citizens and separation of garbage. one of the activities of Mashhad ' municipality is in the field of solid waste transfer station so that in addition to encouraging citizens provide the receive possibility of suitable use of municipal Incorruptible substance solid waste . Thus the present paper is discussed the locating of the stations with respect to the criteria of population, their accessibility, physical analysis of garbage and determine distance to other stations in municipality 's zooms by using GIS software. The results of this research suggest the 1,11,9 and 8 zones as appropriate places to create new stations to collect dry waste.

The history of child labor is as old as human civilization. The work children used to perform in the family and farm has always been a part of their socialization process. Child labor is an issue which has generated interest, because of the new economic policies formulated in line with the structural adjustment programmers, which hopes to put the country on the global market economy. The alarming growth of child workers in developing countries has drawn the attention of many organizations of the world. The phenomenon of child labor, as practiced today, is involuntary and exploitative. The problem of girl child labor has become an issue of great concern in recent times all over the world. In India, domestic child workers and street children, particularly the girls, are further vulnerable to sexual abuse. They are the victims of extreme discrimination and neglectful behavior. Here an attempt has been made through this paper to draw the attention of the intellectuals of the society and policy makers to look at girl child workers and their problems, conditions including policy implications.

A study was conducted to assess the barriers perceived by the learners in distance mode and to suggest the strategies for effective delivery of knowledge and skills to the learners, based on the data collected from 100 respondents randomly selected from each of 221 and 135 learners of dairy and goat farming courses of TANUVAS. The constraints perceived by the respondents of dairy and goat farming distance courses exhibited an overall mean score of 1.5 and 1.6 respectively, both ranging from ‘least constraint’ to ‘no constraint’. Lack of guidance from the local co-ordinators and lack of collaborations / co-operations with learning centres was perceived as constraint to more severe constraint. The factor - improper tracking of learners achievements – was given the score of 3.9 (by dairy course learners) and 4.0 (by goat course learners), implying it to be a severe constraint. The overall and individual constraints’ scores in social and economic barriers ranged between 1 and 2, as they were perceived not to be the constraints by the learners in both course categories.

The study highlights the role of District Teacher Educators (DTEs) in the evaluation of primary teachers. The objectives of the study focus on the effective evaluation of primary teachers through the nine indicators discussed in the MVF (Mentoring Visit Form) form. The population of the study comprised all the primary teachers and District Teacher Educators in two districts (Vehari & Pakpattan) of Punjab province. The research was survey descriptive in nature. A questionnaire was used for the collection of data. Statistical techniques of mean score and standard deviation were used for the description of data. The study concluded that teachers maintain their diaries properly and make reflections on the written works of students in the form of feedback. The results of Mentoring Visit Form of DTEs tell us that majority of the teachers used activity based teaching in the classroom. DTEs make us known that majority of the primary teacher keep discipline in the classroom.