Social Studies

In technology adoption in the educational field and school system, teacher training is imperative to increase success. In Guyana, indigenous Amerindian preservice teachers were found to lag in successful adoption. The study findings indicated that this demographic may need to prioritize acquiring the skills and overcome the technological barriers to better prepare learners beyond the classroom. Although internet access facilitates adoption, indigenous Amerindians in Guyana develop technology literacy skills and access educational resources, indigenous pre-service teachers have a low rate of technology adoption in the classroom. The purpose of this qualitative study is to discover the perceptions of indigenous Amerindian preservice teachers about the adoption of digital technology in the classroom. Rogers’s diffusion of innovation theory and David and Venkatesh technology of acceptance model constituted the underlying theoretical grounding, which served to understand indigenous Amerindian preservice teachers’ perceptions about the use of digital technology, perceived barriers, and the coping and adopting mechanism throughout their pedagogical practices. Ten indigenous Amerindian preservice teachers participated in this qualitative study. Semistructured, interviews were the primary data collection tool. Open coding was used to generate themes and analyze emergent coding. The findings showed that the rate of adoption of digital technology could accelerate if (a) training is strategic, (b) reduction of institutional barriers, and (c) professional practices are aligned for educational growth. This study may contribute knowledge to the advancement specific to the field of digital technology and pedagogical practices. The findings may have positive implications for the community at large in that professional development centers can improve skills that provide flexible learning for IAPT to integrate digital technology beyond the classroom. and serve as a catalyst to promote growth by capacity building.

In a professional human resource context, management practices refer to the employment acquisition and retention policies and strategies, implemented by organizations to improve organizational effectiveness and thereby improve institutional performance and quality. The limited studies on healthcare management practices in developing countries led to undertaking this study. The aim of this qualitative descriptive study was to explore management practices that influence the employee output in terms of health worker performance, specific to the quality-of-care within the Dakar-Senegal region. The theory of performance was served as a theoretical lens. Two research questions principally guided this study: 1) how do healthcare workers describe management practices that affect healthcare worker performance in Senegal? 2) how do healthcare workers describe management practices that affect the quality-of-care in Senegal? The focus of this study was on clinicians in various healthcare organizations in the region. The research for this study included one-on-one interviews and a focus group. The frequency of repeated words or phrases from the primary qualitative data were used to categorize data into themes. The major themes that emerged from the data analysis were (a) willingness to communicate within the organization and work as a team in the workplace, (b) expanding the knowledge and training skills for positive organizational operations (c) restoring an effective organizational structure in promoting learning/growth, increase efficiency, quality, flexibility, and performance, (d)productivity, and organizational commitment are based on the leadership, (e) transparency and leadership must be maintained for effectiveness, and (f) lack of trust tends in reducing workers' capacity and creating discomfort. These themes clarified how management practices may influence healthcare worker performance and quality.

Educational management-which its brief definition is to advance and make learning easier in Education-is more related to human skill and in human skill the function of leadership and learning is to influence people and change their behavior. An education manager should focus his main attention to know the behavior and performance of human beings specially those people that he has lasting administrative communication with them. Educational managers by having awareness and cognition of behavioral sciences and come into conjunction with their peers, especially those who have a problem should have an effective and efficiently behavior with them improbable from emotional and interactive understanding like anger. Paying attention to the importance of human skill in succeeding managers, researcher decided to search on" Managers' Human Skill Assessment in Girls' Primary Schools from Teachers' Perspective in Esfahan City in 2010" and framed his research questions in relation to the objectives. Population for this research is all teachers and managers working in academic year 2010 in girls' primary schools in Esfahan City. Sample includes 40 teachers teaching in these schools by random sampling. This is a survey research and based on opinion poll. The tool for data collection was a questionnaire that researcher developed himself and includes 30 questions with five dimensions based on research hypotheses. In a pilot study obtained validity was 0/94. Findings of this research were analyzed by using ANOVA t test with df=39 and significant of level 0/05. And all hypotheses were verified in a significant of level. it means based on the opinion of all teachers, managers had necessary flexibility in their managerial performance. They had positive attitude to others and themselves. They had hearing ear and good relation with students' parents. Also they were able to use all employees' ability, capacity and specialty to solve school problem.

Between 1960 and 1991, few issues attracted Nigeria’s diplomatic attention than the obnoxious apartheid policy in South Africa. Apartheid was a policy consolidated by the white minority supremacist government in South Africa in 1948, which emphasized separate development among the races in the country. As Africa’s most populous nation, Nigeria considered her own independence as incomplete as long as the dehumanizing policy which treated Africans like sub-human beings was in vogue; hence, she was enthusiastically committed to its elimination. Nigeria devised workable diplomatic methods and strategies such as sanctions, boycott, threats, financial assistance and collaboration with the international community toward the actualization of the goal. Eventually, in 1990, Nelson Mandela, the symbol of African resistance and other political prisoners were released from prison and the apartheid machinery was reformed. In 1994, Mandela was inaugurated as the first black President, after winning a landslide victory in the first multi-coloured election in the country. However, in recent times, South Africa has been contending for the leadership of the African continent against Nigeria, instead of complimenting Nigeria’s leadership role on the continent, while some misguided South Africans have engaged in alleged xenophobic attacks against African nationals in South Africa, including Nigerians. The paper suggests that the two countries should cooperate rather than compete with each other and that South Africa should support Nigeria’s aspiration for a permanent seat at the United Nations as a reward for Nigeria’s support for her in the dark days of apartheid. This paper adopts a historical analytical method.

Education plays an illuminative role in the development of a country. It is widely acknowledged that quality education is the single most important instrument in enhancing human capabilities and achieving the desired goals. The major purpose of the study was to check out the quality of Primary education in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The main objectives of the study were: To analyze the teaching methodologies used at Primary level. To check the appropriateness of curriculum at Primary level. To examine the physical facilities available at primary level. To analyze the evaluation and assessment system used at Primary level. To suggest some recommendation for the improvement of quality of education at Primary level. All the head teachers and teachers of the Primary schools of Southern Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were the population of the study. The sample of the study was consisted of 100 head teachers (fifty male and fifty female) and 300 teachers (one hundred & fifty male and one hundred & fifty female). The study was survey type in nature. The researcher personally developed the questionnaire to collect the data. Collected data was tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted in the light of the objectives of the study. Statistical tools were used to analyze the data. In the light of conclusions it is recommended that curriculum at Primary level must be comprehensive. Examination and assessment system must be impartial and transparent. Computer facility also directly affects the quality, so it is recommended that this facility must be provided to all schools at primary level. Infrastructure also affects quality of education; it is recommended that proper physical facilities should be provided to the institutions on priority basis for quality education.

Security challenges have remained a worried concern, as the activities of political thuggery in a form of violence becoming rampant in most societies of Nigeria. The utilization of thuggery in the process of attaining and preservation of political power has become a fashion to most of the politicians. This study tends to examine the implications of political thuggery in Bauchi, Nigeria. Hence, the qualitative method was used to collect data. The study reveals, through the use of thuggery, insurgency, small arms proliferation, violence and incompetent leaders emerge in the society. Eradication of poverty and education programs should be given due attention by the government.

Jihadism is a type of Islamists movements that in addition to belief in following the principles of Islam, has especial emphasis on Jihad (sacred war) as one of the basis of Islam. The origin of this movement in general, is Egypt, andin particular, Muslim Brotherhood organization (Ikhvan ul-Muslemin). In second half of twentieth century due to factors like torture and prison, identity crisis, 1967 defeat from Israel and intense class differences and closed political space, groups with extremist attitudes and equipped with ideas of extremist theorists like Sayyed Qotb, have been separated from the Muslim Brotherhood and by accepting members from youth, students and others, they have created organizations that their main purpose is armed struggle with government and overthrowing it in order to establish an Islamic government. These organizations that their most popular ones are Al-Takfir Va Al-Hejreh, Army Technical Academy and Al-Jihad, soon began armed struggles with Egypt government.

System Dynamics Modeling quality of work life at academic sector,” includes all aspect of employee’s life, specially his work and work environment. Quality of work life programs encourage employees, make balance between professional, personal & social life and ultimately enhances employee job satisfaction. Factor that are favorable for quality of work life are job satisfaction, working environment, career and professional growth, motivation and rewards, fare salary and compensation, communication and job security. Workload, occupational stress and un-fair compensation are factors that affect the quality of work life.

The Niger Delta region of Nigeria is located in Southern part of the country and by Nigeria’s political arrangement is in the South-South geo-political zone. The region is made up of nine oil-producing states of Abia, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Imo, Ondo and Rivers. The region is almost the size of England and is dominated by mangrove-lined creeks. The region is an ethnographic watershed made up of ethnic groups such as Ibibio, Efik, Izon, (Ijaw), Itsekiri, Urhobo, Isoko, Kalabari,, Okrika, Andoni, Igbo, Bini, Ogoni and so on. From the 2006 census, the region has a population of about 32 million people. Although many European powers such as the Portuguese, Dutch, French and Germans did business in the region, the footprints of the British remain indelible in the area. Diverse British agents such as the explorers, traders, missionaries and administrators contributed to the annexation of the area as part of the British Empire. One of the potent instruments adopted by the imperialist agents was the gunboat diplomacy which involved the use of superior military capability to bombard and threaten various communities in a bid to extract anti-slave and protection treaties as well as other favourable privileges against the will of the people. The paper examines the process from 1836 when the British traders implemented the first major gunboat diplomatic act and secured a treaty with the Bonny monarch. The discourse ends in 1885, when the British declared a Protectorate over the Oil Rivers, an episode which marked the genesis of the colonization of that part of Nigeria. The present resort to the use of arms by the youths of the oil rich region to press for improved condition appears to be a reenactment of the British gunboat policy. The paper adopts a historical analytical methodology.

Health, in addition to being introduced as a right to the constitution, is regarded as a form of investment or as a means of maintaining the ability and productivity of labor. Health will have increasing productivity and economic growth directly by enhancing the health saving of individuals and indirectly by increasing the motivation for continuing the study and learning better skills. Therefore, the development of the health sector in the country is able to increase the economic growth. In this study, the effect of health expenditures on economic growth in Iran for the period of 1979-2016 is reviewed annually. Todayamamoto causality method for investigating the causality relation, and the ARDL method for evaluating long-run coefficients have been used. The results of the Todayamamoto causality method showed that there is a mutual and causality relation between health expenditure and economic growth in Iran. Also the results of ARDL method exhibited that health expenditure has a significant and positive effect on Iran's economic growth.