Social Studies

Jihadism is a type of Islamists movements that in addition to belief in following the principles of Islam, has especial emphasis on Jihad (sacred war) as one of the basis of Islam. The origin of this movement in general, is Egypt, andin particular, Muslim Brotherhood organization (Ikhvan ul-Muslemin). In second half of twentieth century due to factors like torture and prison, identity crisis, 1967 defeat from Israel and intense class differences and closed political space, groups with extremist attitudes and equipped with ideas of extremist theorists like Sayyed Qotb, have been separated from the Muslim Brotherhood and by accepting members from youth, students and others, they have created organizations that their main purpose is armed struggle with government and overthrowing it in order to establish an Islamic government. These organizations that their most popular ones are Al-Takfir Va Al-Hejreh, Army Technical Academy and Al-Jihad, soon began armed struggles with Egypt government.

System Dynamics Modeling quality of work life at academic sector,” includes all aspect of employee’s life, specially his work and work environment. Quality of work life programs encourage employees, make balance between professional, personal & social life and ultimately enhances employee job satisfaction. Factor that are favorable for quality of work life are job satisfaction, working environment, career and professional growth, motivation and rewards, fare salary and compensation, communication and job security. Workload, occupational stress and un-fair compensation are factors that affect the quality of work life.

The Niger Delta region of Nigeria is located in Southern part of the country and by Nigeria’s political arrangement is in the South-South geo-political zone. The region is made up of nine oil-producing states of Abia, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Imo, Ondo and Rivers. The region is almost the size of England and is dominated by mangrove-lined creeks. The region is an ethnographic watershed made up of ethnic groups such as Ibibio, Efik, Izon, (Ijaw), Itsekiri, Urhobo, Isoko, Kalabari,, Okrika, Andoni, Igbo, Bini, Ogoni and so on. From the 2006 census, the region has a population of about 32 million people. Although many European powers such as the Portuguese, Dutch, French and Germans did business in the region, the footprints of the British remain indelible in the area. Diverse British agents such as the explorers, traders, missionaries and administrators contributed to the annexation of the area as part of the British Empire. One of the potent instruments adopted by the imperialist agents was the gunboat diplomacy which involved the use of superior military capability to bombard and threaten various communities in a bid to extract anti-slave and protection treaties as well as other favourable privileges against the will of the people. The paper examines the process from 1836 when the British traders implemented the first major gunboat diplomatic act and secured a treaty with the Bonny monarch. The discourse ends in 1885, when the British declared a Protectorate over the Oil Rivers, an episode which marked the genesis of the colonization of that part of Nigeria. The present resort to the use of arms by the youths of the oil rich region to press for improved condition appears to be a reenactment of the British gunboat policy. The paper adopts a historical analytical methodology.

Health, in addition to being introduced as a right to the constitution, is regarded as a form of investment or as a means of maintaining the ability and productivity of labor. Health will have increasing productivity and economic growth directly by enhancing the health saving of individuals and indirectly by increasing the motivation for continuing the study and learning better skills. Therefore, the development of the health sector in the country is able to increase the economic growth. In this study, the effect of health expenditures on economic growth in Iran for the period of 1979-2016 is reviewed annually. Todayamamoto causality method for investigating the causality relation, and the ARDL method for evaluating long-run coefficients have been used. The results of the Todayamamoto causality method showed that there is a mutual and causality relation between health expenditure and economic growth in Iran. Also the results of ARDL method exhibited that health expenditure has a significant and positive effect on Iran's economic growth.

The paper analysed the role of women as individuals and organization in the development of rural communities in Ikeduru, a total of 450 questionnaires were administered and 350 was returned while the simple percentages was employed in the analysis of the data, the study revealed that the women of Ikeduru have over the years been involved with development strides aimed at developing Ikeduru and on these premise the paper recommend a wholistic support to the women as groups to motivate the generally for a greater height of developmental achievement.

This concept implies to links communications among members of one network as valuable source and causes to realize purposes of members creating norms and reciprocal trust Higher education has an origin and is introduced as successful and acceptable lever Higher education is sociological suitable bed for exploiting of physical and human capital and one way for achieving to success. Managers and persons who can make Higher education in organization, they even the way of business and organizational success. On the other hand, higher education denotes personal life and makes life easier and more pleasurable.

A modern man is different from his ancestors in different perspectives. Though the developments have created new problems and crises ahead of him, development in technology and science has brought up welfare , and has changed the life fundamentally. This study was aimed at investigating the base of spiritual crises and problems in a qualitative manner. Some of the problems ahead of us as human beings are: identity crisis, knowledge crisis, moral and psychological crisis. In this regard, Rumi (Moulana) is one of those people who have referred to all of human beings in all the times. Using the language of flute, he has warned the unawares and has guided them toward the road of bliss. In reaching the aims of the study, the crises were first defined. Later, the solution was offered from Rumi’s view point.

Smoking causes immediate and long-standing effects on exercise and physical activity. In addition to increasing the well-known risks for cancer, heart and respiratory diseases, smokers have less endurance and poor physical performance. To determine the smoking habits and its effect on physical activity levels in adolescents and early adults aged 18-23 years of King Khalid University Khamis Mushayat, KSA. Khamis Mushayat area near Abha city has been selected for the study. In this area, King Khalid University was selected as the population. One hundred and eighty seven female subjects 18 to 23 years from King Khalid University who smoked cigarettes and 187 females who were non smokers were selected for the study. GPAQ (Global physical activity questionnaire) was used for the survey to assess the level of physical activity (given in Appendix). Also data on height and weight were collected. With respect to body mass index of the smokers and non smokers, a significantly higher percent of the non smokers (57.5%) were of normal weight, while only 28.8% of smokers had normal weight. A majority of the smokers (45.9%) had the smoking habit for 2 years and less, whereas, 27.7% of the smokers smoked for 6 years or above. A significant majority of the smokers (63.2%) underwent physical activity only for 2 days and less, whereas the non smokers involved in physical activity for 6 days or more. Only a very small percent (8.1%) of the smokers exercised for 6 or more days in a week. Among non smokers, a minimum of 16.1% involved in physical activity, three to five days a week. All the participants in the study had mean years of smoking of 9.75 years. We found out that smokers relatively spent less time for physical activity and were more sedentary. In the present study it's clear that the students going to University are moderate smokers but their physical activity level is decreased. They usually have trends towards less physical activity and less awareness regarding the ill effects of smoking.

Globalization have become “unavoidable” African nations are Compelled to join in. It is now a new form of universal history, that is fast integrating the developing countries into the contemporary global capitalist system. However, most of their old problems still persist. Infact, globalization has aggravated most of the problems of African countries, while adding new ones. The result is the development of a complex new society, a “pre-modern” “modern” and “post-modern” society. This paper examines African culture in the face of this radical transformation, its consequences and the challenges facing African nations.

Readymade garments is one of the prior fields of our national economy. Most of the foreign currencies are achieved from this sector. There is always a challenge to survive this sector. If one industry want to stable and try to capture new market then must have to ensure the proper quality garments. After completing the all process involves in garments it needs to inspect finally in finishing department for ensuring better quality. So the purpose of this paper is to identify topmost defects in finishing department for ensuring finishing quality. Data for this work were collected from one RMG Industry of Bangladesh. In this work the data of finishing department like total number of inspected body, no of defective body was collected for 7 days and finally calculated defect percentage from different types of defects found in finishing department. A factory should set different modern quality procedures and quality management technique for the betterment of RMG sector. Broken stitch, skip stitch, join stitch, raw edge, shape out, hole, spot, oil stain etc are the most common defects found in finishing section.