Literature

In this world all human beings are equal in the view of god, but society separated them into groups through caste. There are nations which are characterized through social inequality, perhaps the Indian institution of caste is more elaborately constructed through inequality than in other nations. The existence of caste system in India in the modern period has been severely criticized by both Indian and foreign observers. Even though some educated Indians tell the foreigners that caste has been erased or that "none of the Indians pays attention to caste anymore," such statements do not reflect reality. Many people fought for the equality of society in many ways. Anand knows that the pen is the only source which can change anything in this world.

In the last phase of twentieth and beginning of twenty first century, Jean Sasson, the American writer, emerges as new oreintalist on the international horizon through the publication of her books. Just as the Chinese travellers, Fa-Hien and Huen-Tsang gave an elaborate account of fifth and seventh century socio-cultural and religio-political Indian life; Jean Sasson’s writings throw ample light on the religious, social, cultural and political life of the Middle Easterners in the twentieth century. The paper explores the visions and beliefs of Muslim community of the Middle East region as depicted by Jean Sasson in her books. The faith in religion is expressed as great strength of the Arabic people. This faith is the epicenter of their foundation of life-style even in the modern context.

Sixteenth century Europe is widely recognized by the word Renaissance which made an enormous evolution in cultural, economic, artistic and literary aspects of that age. British literature in particular went under the influence of masterpieces of great men like William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe who injected a generous motif to the literary canon of that time. By establishing a peculiar research on the side of the heroes of the two plays i.e. Shakespeare's Hamlet and Marlowe's Faustus, we come to face with the emergence of novel characters who are in need of more precision. In this direction, Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophical thoughts come in handy to researcher's attempt to apply a critical reading of the two plays in a comparative manner in order to shed light on the deep levels of the groundwork of these two plays. For doing so, six fundamental concepts taken out of Nietzsche's theories are being observed along the context of the works each of which though might meet in a number of overlaps, represent the complicated concept of Renaissance Man with a critical and metaphoric perspective. Finally, the outcome is captured as was the ultimate goal of the researcher: a moral implication perceived on the literary basis of the two plays. Without considering any biased tendency towards a specific author or critic, the extracted concepts of the works rely on Nietzsche's enlightenments by expressing life's various ups and downs and by manifesting the outcomes of such jeopardies happened to the heroes which directly target the literary reader on how to supply the eternal pace of life as the mere meaning of humanity.

This paper is an attempt to investigate the type and amount of lexical/phrasal and external modifiers employed in the English e-requests of Iranian EFL postgraduate students (nonnative speakers of English) to their professors during their education at Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad Branch, Isfahan, Iran. To that end, the study employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches to investigate 60 English e-mails composed by the participants. More specifically, Blum-Kulka, House, and Kasper's (1989), Blum-Kulka and Olshtain's (1984), and Edmondson's (1981) classification of requests was employed for coding the modification of the collected electronic requests. Findings from the study reveal that the Iranian students’ e-mails are not overly adorned with politeness modification. This paper argues that such e-mails fail to create e-polite messages to faculty and therefore capable of causing pragmatic failure.

Graham Greene is a colossal figure in twentieth century literature. He is a prolific writer and has proved to be one of the main literary experts to the English speaking world. His writings are not just pieces of entertainment. They have more profound meaning and significance. Greene’s childhood seemed to be unhappy. From the events and influences of Greene’s early life readers can gather evidence of “flight, rebellion and misery during those first sixteen years when the novelists is formed.”1 Being a sensitive boy, Greene felt cramped in the environment in which he was placed. From his book of essays, The Lost Childhood and from his autobiography, A Sort of Life, we get an idea of Greene’s feeling of a sense of emptiness, boredom and lifeless depression during his early years.

This study argues for a third wave feminist interpretation of Daughter of Fortune and The House of the Spirits by Isabel Allende as two significant texts that take multiple feminist perspectives into consideration and oppose certain patriarchal systems. As will be argued, the problems faced by the female characters that relate to their personal feminism cannot be explored sufficiently by assuming that they are tossing aside their liberties. Rather, the characters and their stories are best examined by exploring how each woman can work through her problems in ways that allow her to maintain her feminist position.

As a progressive and studied writer, Dionne Brand takes into her hand the responsibility of dealing with all the issues confronted by men and women and children of the Black community being not only the members of the proletarian class, but also because of belonging to the Black race. Right from the sufferings of the Blacks during slavery down through the periods of feudalism, early capitalism, the colonial period, the neo-colonial period and also globalisation-ruling currency are subject matter in her works. As a member of the Black community, she is committed to the task of unravelling the exploitative past and present of her people. She does it with panache and power.

The attempt has been made in the paper to analyze the predicament of dalit woman in Geeta Nagabhushan’s Kannada novel Dange (Mutiny1997) from the feminist perspective. The novel explores various facets of the Indian dalit woman and depicts the social and cultural status of dalit women and portrays intricate human nature, graveness, sufferings and inhuman male oppression to highlight and thereby aims to create an awareness of certain social evils. The novel explores the emotional world of dalit women, revealing an awareness of varied forces with dalit feminine sensibility. The author concentrates on mute miseries and helplessness of Durgi, a dalit woman who is tormented by high castes and openly discourses her inner conflict.

Recently, there has been a growing interest in the realm of gender-bound language. A myriad of studies in this area are devoted to different speech acts. To expand the scope of speech act studies, the present contribution highlights the gender differences in frequency of utilizing five most common gratitude expressions ranging from least affective to most affective in Persian language. To this aim, the data employed includes a corpus of 40 naturally-occurring gratitude exchanges, 20 for men and 20 for women of academic context, collected through giving participants a researcher-made 20 items questionnaire. The results revealed that there is a meaningful difference between men and women in using these gratitude expressions, in the way that, contrary to the men, women tend to use more affective ones.

John Bunyan's The Pilgrim’s Progress, is one of the most important religious texts ever written in English. There are several important factors that have made for the perfect and excellent structure of this seventeenth century work of English literature. What follows is an attempt to analyze these elements in detail in order to find how such a masterpiece has been created and why it has gained such importance in realm of religious writings that has been given the title of Second Bible.