Social Sciences

Co-curriculum is an important learning component in order to help develop a pupil in full in terms of physical, spiritual, mental, emotional and enhancing values. This study aims to discuss the process element management curriculum of planning, organizing, directing and controlling by co-curriculum’s management team in school of the components human, physical and financial. This study focus on principals role which have to apply the elements of planning, organizing, directing and control in the manage school curriculum. Best practices of principals include planning, organizing, directing and controlling the extra-curricular activities at school. In conclusion, the best practice principals play a role very important in order to produce excellent students as envisaged in Philosophy National Education. 

Increased number of old population recently raises various social, economic and health issues. The various kinds of health hazards among old people include low mental health, depression, dementia and morbidity. There are several factors which affects the overall mental health of a senior citizen (people above 60 years). The primary objective of the present study was to identify the predictors of loneliness and depression among old people. The study included a sample of 60 old individual above age 60 from different old age homes. We interviewed each participant individually for a period of 30 minutes-1 hour to know about their internal self and overall psychological functioning. Qualitative analysis showed that social support and harmony in family life plays a crucial role for loneliness and depression among old people.

This paper examines the role of financial development in economic growth of Pakistan. We have generated financial development index for capturing the financial development in Pakistan, along with financial development we have also chosen some explanatory variables which are closely related to economic growth. We have used annual time series data from 1972 to 2013 and used ARDL model for empirical analysis. The result of our study states that financial development is positively related with economic growth.

Youth tourist is gaining more recognition in tourism marketing and product development in developing countries. Besides being an individual who favours cheap travel, free street shows, and non guided tours, youth tourist also desires to experience expensive events. However, youth in event tourism in Malaysia is hardly discussed, leaving the capabilities of this event unexplored. One of the Malaysian initiatives to enhance tourism, including youth is the Visit Malaysia Year 2007. Based on a case study of 130 respondents, this article draws the perspective of youth tourists’ perspective as fans of event tourism. The findings showed that forms and event suitability act as the mediators that encouraged youths’ participation in event tourism. In planning future event tourism, youth as fans should be transformed in more discern promotional campaign, as knowing who youth of event tourism are will define their desires and actual travel capabilities.

The Indian Census is the most credible source of information on Demography (Population characteristics), Economic Activity, Literacy and Education. This is the only source of primary data in the village town and ward level, It provides valuable information for planning and formulation policies for Central and the State Governments and is widely used by National and International Agencies, Scholars, business people, industrialists, and many more. Census 2011marks a milestone in the history of Census taking in the country. It has come at a time when India is perhaps at an inflexion point in history, when it sheds the legacy of the past and emerges among the comity of Nations as a strong, self-reliant and modern Nation. The basic benchmark statistics on the state of human resources, demography, culture and economic structure at this crucial juncture of the country’s history would be vital to guide and shape the future course of the Nation In a country like India, with multiethnic, multilingual, multicultural and multilevel society, the Census is much more than a mere head count of the population. It gives a snapshot of not only the demographic but also the economic, social and cultural profile of the country at a particular point of time. . No wonder therefore, that Census 2011 has adopted an apt tagline – “Our Census, Our Future”! The present paper is an attempt to analyze the human resource development in Punjab as compared to other states. The analysis is based on 2011 census.

A cross sectional study is determined to know the effects of nepotism-favoritism and cronyism on the job stress, job satisfaction, adverse word mouth and intention to quit of the bank employees. A random sample of 909 employees selected randomly from 199 branches. A structured questionnaire is used to get the data by self-administered approach. The study revealed that negative practices of nepotism-favoritism and cronyism creates the job stress which decrease the job satisfaction create the adverse word of mouth and increase the intention to quit

This paper is the outcome of my two months intensive and in-depth field work conducted in two multi-caste villages of Belgaum District of North Karnataka. The aim of this paper is to know the importance of Reproductive Health hazards of Farm Women Labourers who hails from different socio-economic background and deprived of basic health facilities. World Health Organization (W.H.O.) has defined Health as a “state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity” (W.H.O. 1948). The Webser dictionary defines health as “the condition of being sound in body, mind or spirit especially freedom from physical disease or pain”. Health to all is the prime motto of W.H.O.

Self Help Groups enhance the equality of status of women of participants’ decision makers and beneficiaries in the democratic, economic, social and cultural spheres of life. SHGs have an inbuilt mechanism where emphasis has been over capacity building of women through developing their dialoguing skills. The study was conducted in four districts of North Karnataka covering 100 SHGs and 400 members has revealed some significant trends regarding the membership of Self Help Groups in creation of awareness about the social issues. The awareness about the social issues among the members of the SHGs has been of a high order as the responses indicate about the different social issues. Higher majority of women members of SHGs are in favour of abolition of child labour, removing illiteracy among women and about mobilizing public opinion against alcoholism among men, Similarly major percent of them have favored women empowerment, abolition of dowry, and removal of gender discrimination in employment, wages etc. The positive impact of SHG membership is highly pronounced with regard to awareness about social issues.

This study examined the influence of religiosity and perceived social support on risky sexual behaviour among undergraduate students of Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Two hundred and fifty (250) students were randomly selected from among undergraduate students of Ekiti State University for the study. Six hypotheses were tested using the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire to measure Religiosity, the Multidimensional Scale for Perceived Social Support to measure Perceived Social Support, and the Sexual Risk Taking Questionnaire to measure Risky Sexual Behaviour. The results revealed that religiosity has a significant effect on risky sexual behaviour [F (246) = 22.13, P < 0.01]. It was also found that perceived social support has a significant effect on risky sexual behaviour [F (246) = 4.56, P < 0.05]. However, religiosity and perceived social support do not have any significant interaction effect on risky sexual behaviour [F (246) = 0.173, P > 0.05]. Findings from this study also revealed that males exhibit more risky sexual behaviour than females with significant difference in the mean scores of males (5.56) and females (2.70), [t (248) = 4.98, P < 0.01]. Nonetheless, females and males do not differ significantly on perceived social support [t (248) = -0.59, P > 0.05]. These findings were discussed in the light of available literature and it is recommended that to curtail risky sexual behaviour among Nigeria undergraduates, they should be encouraged to be highly religious, get involved in religious activities, and belief in God. Relevant authorities should also put in place measures to educate the citizenry, by embarking on a large scale enlightenment campaign against indiscriminate sexual involvements through the use of social networks and print and electronic media that would inform and enlighten young people about the consequences of indiscriminate sexual practices. Young people should also be provided with actual social support by friends, families, and significant others as findings revealed that young people who enjoy greater social support are less likely to engage in indiscriminate sexual practices.

The curriculum is beneficial activities that provide many benefits to students. The purpose of this study was to look at the students' perception of involvement in extra-curricular activities of the students' personality enhancement that can impact the discipline and leadership style. A total of 278 students have taken as samples, representing an estimated population of 1000 student semester 1 and 2 Polytechnics Ibrahim Sultan (PIS) that are directly involved in the subject of AR 101 and AR 201 Co-curriculum Curriculum 2. Researchers use questionnaires circulated to selected respondents. The data obtained from the findings of the questionnaire were analyses by using that Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 19. The results of this analysis that will generate a percentage and mean based on data obtained from the questionnaire. The results mean the study was 0.84 for positive questions and items for item negative 0.20 question that reflects students agree that extra-curricular activities capable of improving the personality.