Literature

Various researches and studies on speech acts among different languages and contexts would help the man bridge the gap among the speakers of different languages. In other words, it could help to inform and alert speakers of the potential pragmatic mistakes that may arise in social, pedagogical and translation domains. To cope with interethnic communication difficulties can be also helped by these studies and researches for the speakers of dissimilar languages and cultures. The strategies employed by Native English speakers and Iranian EFL learners for expressing promising in different situations in order to find the differences that may exist between these two languages are investigated in this study. Researchers working in second language (L2) acquisition have investigated interlanguage pragmatics to document learners’ formulation of speech acts (SAs) and they have found that most of the problems that EFL learners face in intercultural communication are mainly pragmatic. Unlike comprehensive studies on SAs such as request and apology, the number of cross-cultural studies investigating expressions of promising is fairly limited and there are few studies investigating this speech act in both languages. The participants of this study were 27 among whom 20 were Iranian EFL learners and the native English speakers included 7 people. The participants were both male and female, aging from 18 to 31 years old. An open-ended DCT were employed for studying participants' responses and verbal reactions to different situations. The results of Chi-square test suggested that these two groups vary in their use of strategies and types of promising. Iranian EFL learners’ sensitivity to L1 made them use inappropriate expressions and strategies in their English responses. It suggested that Persian learners of English transfer some of their L1 pragmatic norms to L2 because they perceive these norms to be universal.

One of the most obvious and controversial matters seen in the modern literature is circularity of structure. Not being found only in the content of these works, i.e. the speech and thought of the characters, the incident and the actions of such works, circularity also penetrates to the form of such works. The case is that, circularity is not a futile element. It fortifies an aesthetic effect of the works on the reader to a great extent. Furthermore, it represents the circularity of human thought and life and consequently the circularity of his confusion and frustration what he cannot find a convincing answer for it and its occurrence. This article tries to discuss circularity in The Blind owl written by one of the most famous modern Iranian author Sadegh Hedayat.

Harihara is a poet's unique and immense contribution to Kannada literature. He is a representative of the age by depicting all aspects of contemporary life in his works. From Vipra to Anthijana, from the laborer to the king, from the girl to the widow, everyone takes the place of heroes in his works. Basavanna's devotional spirit and Harihara's devotional ecstasy can be felt mutually. This concept of devotion is the embodiment of Basavanna's personality for Harihara. The most attractive and impressive aspect is that Harihara, who paints Basavanna down to the core, reveals the layers of his devotion as if full of poetry.

In this study, as Guides Islamic legitimacy of popular imagination and in particular, the Islamic State and the phrase literally, as well as the necessity of the Quran and hadith, the case is investigated, for example, the verse, "Thieves, thieves, then hand-cut" thieves should be cut off her hand, refers to the execution by the Muslim ruler is divine and rational reasons for the necessity of government, the Sunni and Shia Jurisprudence perspective, there is little doubt that, both the legitimacy of the Islamic government indicates. But the appointment of the Sunni caliph, consider installing a prophet of God and belief in community and selected by the previous caliph, and Shia believes the Caliph chose to install from God through revelation to the Prophet, and the constitution is the Jurist explained.

This study compared the effect of task-based and systematic instruction on L2 learners’ productive vocabulary retention. The participants of the study were 73 Iranian female intermediate EFL learners who were divided into a split information task group (n=25), a shared information task group (n=25), and a systematic instruction group (n =23). Before treatment all the participants were given a fill in the blanks pretest to check their vocabulary production ability. Then the new words were taught to the three groups. Two weeks after the end of the treatment, the vocabulary productive delayed posttest was administrated. The results showed that task-based instruction improved the learners’ productive vocabulary retention significantly more than systematic instruction providing that the task type was taken into account. The participants under task-based instruction could follow some principles (Thornburg, 2002) essential for moving the new words from short-term store into permanent long-term memory such as repetition, retrieval, pacing, active Use, cognitive depth, personal organizing, and attention, and as a result, they could have more successful performance in the vocabulary productive delayed posttest than the systematic instruction group.

The present study examined the prevalence of vocabulary level on reading comprehension performance among EFL language learners. The ultimate intention was to determine the association between levels of vocabulary knowledge as well as was to clarify the relationship among vocabulary knowledge on reading comprehension performance of EFL Iranian students on subtest of VLT and IELTS. The quantitative data were collected from 220 EFL Iranian adult students at the beginning of second semester of 2011in BAHAR institute, Shiraz, Iran. The Vocabulary Levels Test (VLT) and Reading Comprehension Test (IELTS) were performed in one session as research instruments. The findings indicated that there were positively relationship among different levels of vocabulary levels test and also test score on vocabulary size/breadth of vocabulary knowledge, and reading comprehension were positively correlated.

In higher education, no in-depth studies have been identified that investigate the vocabulary of Undergraduate Engineering students. This study investigated undergraduate students’ English vocabulary with special reference to certain sociological factors in an Engineering college located in Tamilnadu, India. The research findings show that the students’ vocabulary strength differs based on gender, locality of living, medium of instruction, general reading habit. Based on above mentioned factor hypotheses were formulated and tested in this research study and the findings have been given as the outcome of the study. The research results indicate that students are having only limited vocabulary and much focus to be given to vocabulary else students cannot develop their language proficiency.

Dystopia is a totalitarian or a degraded society. The dystopian society is characterized by human misery and oppression. The people of this society lives in constant fear and unhappiness. Dystopian writings become popular in the twentienth century which witnessed various kinds of deprivation and sufferings. Dystopian narratives traditionally achieve their power by reflecting the dominant cultural anxieties of the era in which they were written. This research paper has taken up The Heart Goes Last by Margaret Atwood to examine the various dystopian aspects presented in it. The Heart Goes Last, written as the US economy slowly recovers from a recession, is a cautionary tale about our desire for security. The various dehumanizing and unpleasant pictures presented by Margaret Atwood is carefully analysed. The grave situation is can happen to any society and it foreshadows the inescapable future to come.

Opacity, The most serious mystery and elegant poetic technique, which utilizes the mechanical poets, his poems have Most art, and to make a speech addressing Confidential, and Surprisingly violent and Brainstorming have used. Opacity, which is a trick of language in literature, rhetoric in Arabic and Persian, have been taken into consideration. In this research, based on the method of analysis - descriptive, and utilization of resources in this area to explore the aesthetic, opacity, Arabic Rhetoric deals. Results indicate that, as discussed in Arabic literature, opacity, and various types of attention, and in the lyrics of his rhetorical works, the various statements that have been, and in this context it is interesting to note the range of rhetorical opacity in Arabic literature, the less wide, had Persian literature, and the most important opacity can be single, fit, beverages, expression, and Well suited pointed out. The opacity of language arts and rhetoric that is more an art of ambiguity. In addition, an opacity which works of art, the poet and scholar and orator, to the extent that the meaning of words to create new horizons and new clothes to cover their height, and at the same time, the more A look at the valve, and also agreed meanings determination, relying on imagination to create new meaning and create the possibility of periphrastic interpretations, and multiple attempts at interpretation.

Hansberry's play A Raisin in the Sun is about the experience of an African American family who struggles against racism and tries to keep their dignity. It discusses racial, sexual, social, and economical discriminations on black community and individuals. The main black characters were not happened to be female but they were chosen preciously to present the challenges that black women confront within the racist and patriarchal society of America. Hansberry, a black female writer, utilized her masterpiece A Raisin in the Sun as a platform to present her womanistic ideas that inherited from her master, Dubois. Following Dubois’ ideas on womanism, this study undertakes to examine the plays’ representation of black women’s experience of discriminations .It further highlights the rights and the true image of black women who are twice oppressed by gender and race in the American society.