Applied Chemistry

The Grüneisen parameter (Ý) is of considerable importance to Earth scientists because it sets limitations on the thermoelastic properties of the lower mantle and core. The Grüneisen parameter is directly related to the equation of state (EOS), yet it is often the case that both the form of ??and the EOS are chosen independently of each other and somewhat arbitrarily. In this paper the volume dependence of Gruneisen parameter has been calculated by using three different phenomenological isothermal EOS viz. Brennan Stacey EOS, Shanker EOS and Vinet EOS for five different bulk metallic glasses viz. Zr41Ti14Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5, Zr41Ti14Cu12.5Ni9Be22.5C1, Zr40Nb8Cu12Fe8Be24, (Zr0.59Ti0.06Cu0.22Ni0.13)85.7Al14.3 and Pd39Ni10Cu30P21. For calculation of Gruneisen parameter we have consider Barton – Stacey relation.On analysis of of result thus obtained shows that Shanker EOS is best EOS for calculating Gruneisen parameter both under high as well as low compression ranges.

Cryogenic homogenized cotton samples were tested for mercury traces with very low concentrations we used analysis technique namely Cold Vapor/ Isotope Dilution ICP-MS. Target element is listed in Öko-Tex Standards and it should be absent or less than 0.02 mg/kg in the tested cotton samples for baby, direct skin contact and decoration products. Due to the presence of Hg in a very low concentration we need to measure it with high accuracy and low uncertainty sources testing method. In this work a previously homogenized Egyptian cotton samples were tested for total content of mercury. These samples included cotton varieties represent extra long staple (Giza 70 and 88) and long staple (Giza 89). The measurements were made using isotope dilution cold vapor inductively coupled plasma- mass spectrometry (ID-CV-ICP-MS) with Carius tube digestion. The results showed that the tested homogenized cotton samples have very low concentrations that cannot be detected by many other mercury analysis techniques. Uncertainty budgets also estimated in this work for all samples.

Ultrasonic velocities and densities of the binary liquid mixtures of o-chlorophenol with o-xylene, p-xylene and o-chlorotoulene have been measured over the entire composition range of mole fractions at a temperature range from 303.15 to 318.15 K with an interval of 5 K. The theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity were evaluated by using Nomoto (NOM), Impedance (IMP), Van Deal and Vangeel (VDV), Junjie (JUN), Rao’s specific velocity (RAO) models. The results were discussed in terms of non-ideality in the mixtures, molecular interaction parameter, Relative deviation ? and Chi-square (?2) test for the goodness of the fit is applied to understand the applicability of these theories to the present systems.

In the present student, Sudan Orange G (SOG) [4-(Phenylazo)resorcinol] derivatives have been studied at Density Functional theory (TD-DFT) at B3LYP level of theory with 6-31G(d) basis set. Different substituent groups were introduced in different position to investigate their effects on the electronic and optical properties. The HOMO and LUMO energies and the energy gap (Egap) between HOMO and LUMO of the studied dyes were calculated. The light harvesting efficiency (LHE), the open-circuit voltage (Voc) and injection driving force (?Ginject) which are the key parameters related to the solar cell efficiency (?) were computed. The LHE values for the dyes are in different ranges and that all the dyes will give different photocurrent. The D6 dye has highest oscillator strength value 1.1263 and the LHE value is 0.925235. So the D6 dye has more efficiency than other studied dyes. Based on the values, the meta substituent dyes are better sensitizers compare to other dyes.

Transition metal ions coordinated to nitrogen containing ligands, such as 1, 10 – phenanthroline and/or 2, 2? – bipyridine have found wide applications in chemotherapy. The ligands form very stable chelates with many first row transition metals and the ligands, as well as some of their derived complexes, do exhibit antimicrobial properties. The mechanism of action of these novel set of drugs was reviewed and compared to that of the conventional antifungal drugs (polyene and azoles). Transition metal complexes of 1, 10 – phenanthroline and/or 2, 2? – bipyridine demonstrated a significantly different mode of action and thus could be used either in combination with existing antimicrobial drugs or in a situation where resistance to conventional antimicrobial drugs have emerged. However, the antimicrobial properties of the various transition metal complexes of phen and bpy are not uniform indicating a degree of metal – ion dependency on their mode of action. The DNA binding, DNA cleavage and antitumoral properties of the transition metal complexes of the chelating ligands were also reviewed. DNA cleavage by these metallonucleases is reported to be dependent on the presence of a biological reductant (e.g. L-ascorbic acid, gluthathione) and an oxidant ( H2O2). The metal complexes were reported to control cancer cell division by significantly reducing DNA synthesis. However there is a significant difference in the mode of action of these novel sets of antitumoral drugs compared to the conventional antifungal drug cisplatin.

Synthesis of photoadduct ([Co(NH3)3(C12H8N2)Cl] Cl2) based on [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 and 1,10-phenenthroline (C12H8N2) has been successfully achieved by a photochemical route. The as prepared photoadduct has been subjected to different spectroscopic characterizations. The empirical formula mentioned for the photoadduct has been confirmed by CHN analysis. This was also supported by FTIR spectra. UV-Visible spectroscopy reflects the material to exhibit non-linear optical (NLO) properties as the material was shown to exhibit wide transparency in most part of visible region, which is an essential condition for NLO behavior. This has been confirmed by the second harmonic generation (SHG) test, which clearly revealed a greenish emission of wavelength 532 nm from an incident laser radiation of wavelength 1064 nm. The SHG efficiency for the photoadduct was found to be 0.46 times to that of standard KDP. Also, I-V characteristics shows the material to fallow ohmic behavior with a resistance of 1.2 M?. This has been attributed to the large band gap as obtained from UV-Visible spectra.

The tremendous increase in the use of heavy metals over the past few decades has inevitably resulted in an increased flux of metallic substances in aquatic environment. Mine drainage, industrial and domestic effluents, agricultural run-off, acid rain etc. have all contributed to some extent to the metal loads in the water bodies. Metals are of special concern because they are non-degradable and therefore persistent. Some metals may be either beneficial or toxic, depending on concentration. The efficient removal of toxic metals from wastewater is an important matter and it is a widely-studied area. There are many techniques available for the removal of heavy metals such as chemical precipitation, reverse osmosis, electrolysis and ion exchange. Physical treatment can also be used to remove small concentrations of hazardous substances dissolved in water that would never settle out. One of the most commonly used techniques involves the process of adsorption, which is the physical adhesion of chemicals onto the surface of a solid. The effectiveness of the adsorbent is directly related to the amount of surface area available to attract the molecules or particles of contaminant. As the use of activated carbon is expensive, so there has been considerable interest in the use of other sorbent materials. Among the many other low cost absorbents identified chitin has the highest sorption capacity for several metal ions but has some mass transfer problems. In the present investigation an attempt was made to overcome these mass transfer limitations by synthesizing binary blend using chitin and poly vinyl alcohol; and ternary blend using chitin, poly vinyl alcohol and silk fibroin and the both blends were characterized by FTIR, TGA, XRD and SEM. From the characterization results, it was found that chitin/PVA/SF (1:1:1) ternary blend is thermally stable than chitin/PVA (1:1) binary blend. Thus, electroplating industrial wastewater was treated with the prepared ternary blend and results revealed that the ternary blend prepared was excellent in removing the heavy metal ions from electroplating industrial effluent. Hence, the ternary blend of chitin, poly vinyl alcohol and silk fibroin could open way for waste water treatment in industrial level.

number of thiophene, pyridine, pyrimidine, and 1,2,4-triazine derivatives were obtained via interaction of 3-Oxo-N-{4-[(2,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl-amino)sulphonyl]phenyl} butanamide (1) with different reagents. The new synthesized compounds were confirmed by their infrared, mass spectrum, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and elemental analyses, and further screened for antimicrobial activity.

The aim of this present work is to investigate the sorption potential of a modified and unmodified fly ash as a law-cost adsorbent material for the removal of phenyl from aqueous medium. In this regard fly ash is a very attractive option, because it is cheap, widely available and has good mechanical stability for handing purposes and employment in adsorption columns. The effect of various factors such as contact time, adsorbent dosage, PH, temperature and initial adsorbent. A concentration on the sorption process was investigated under batch equilibrium technique using UV/Vis Spectrometry. The result obtained showed that the capacity of fly ash for adsorption of Phenyl depends on the initial PH and concentration of solutions.

Benzimidazoles and their derivatives play very important role in the medical field with useful therapeutic activities like antiviral, anti-histaminic, anticancer, antiulcer, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antifungal, and antimicrobial activity. The most prominent benzimidazole compound in nature is N-riosyldimethylbenzimidazole, which serves as an axial ligand for cobalt in vitamin B12. The potency of these useful derivatives in treatment of microbial infections encouraged the development of some more potent and pharmacologically efficient compounds. This review summarizes the synthesis of different derivatives of benzimidazole and their biological activities.