Pollution

Water resources management is a predominant problem for future development in today’s condition. Development of new technologies has extended the possibilities of wastewater reuse concept. Therefore, reuse of treated wastewater effluents has emerged as a renewable resource that increases in amount with the increase in water use. Inline with that, the wastewater treatment plants have come forth to implement tertiary filtration of secondary treated effluents to improve water quality for possible reuse in irrigation. In this present study, the characteristics of the tertiary treated effluent from granular activated carbon and pressure sand filtration are analyzed. The performances of the tertiary units are also monitored. The tertiary treated effluent is analyzed for applicability in agricultural purposes. The results revealed that treated sewage is applicable for gardening purposes but the removal of microbiological quality of the treated sewage was not at the satisfactory level. For removal of microbiological population, disinfection system such as UV/Ozonation can be installed for improving the quality of treated sewage.

In recent years, increased water use and decreased precipitation have led to increased pressure to groundwater resources, this its quality decrease. Therefore, the main reasons for studying groundwater are potential hazards for groundwater contamination and protect it (ground water) from contamination: te main purpose of this research is the assessment of spatial and temporal trends in ground water quality in Shahr-e-Babak plain to besides of measurement of variation trends, by identifying contaminated regions (for agricultural purposes) issues and problems raised due to contaminates water usage could be prevented for this reason, data related to qualitative parameters of ground water such as EC, SAR, TDS during inventory period 2002-2009 were used. After fitting the best variogram model to empirical model of each of qualitative parameters of Ground water, by Arc GIS 9.3 software and by using Kriging interpolation method. Zoning maps of the region were prepared. Also the water of the region in the view point of agricultural use, was assessed using Wilcox and FAO method results obtained from this research showed that from comparison between Kriging interpolation and inverse distance weighted, Kriging method have the higher precision (based on low RMSE and MAE) than IDW. Also result from water classification based on Wilcox show the increased contamination trend especially in southern parts, and generally in this period the water of the region is classified as moderate-quality water, and also in FAO method contamination trend of waters in this region is increasing and in this method southern parts of this region are classified as the most contaminated parts (water classed with high salinity) of the region. The reasons of contamination of southern parts of the region are the type of Geological of the region and also high agricultural activities.

An analytical solution is obtained for advection-dispersion equation in one-dimension semi-infinite longitudinal domain. The solute dispersion parameter is considered temporally dependent and flow velocity is uniform. The zero order production term which is inversely proportional to the dispersion coefficient is also considered. Initially the space domain is the linear combination of uniform input and ratio of zero order production and flow velocity with position variable. Laplace transform used to get the analytical solution.

The paper reports key issues associated with the used of leaded gasoline (petrol) in Nigeria. While many global countries have indicated strong commitment for a shift to most suitable and environmentally sustainable gasoline upgrading option (i.e hydroisomerisation), addition of 0.6-0.74 g/L of tetraethyl lead remain the only upgrading option given priority in Nigeria, due to government negligence. Millions of people have suffered from various associated illness with numerous number of deaths, especially in young children below the age of seven. The soils, foods and waters are severely polluted in the major trafficking communities. The availability of favorable factors such as adequate infrastructure and capital for hydroisomerisation in the country indicated the process to be a long overdue process that was neglected due to poor government concern and serious corruption problem in the energy industry. It is therefore recommended here that the public should put the issue in the fore front of the current protest for lucrative workers’ salary.

Formaldehyde (CH2O) and acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) emission from the waste wood combustion plan recognized as one of the major cause of degrading air quality. In this research, we present the obtained result from formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentration generated by wood combustion plants at three cities, Iksan, Gunsan and Asan, South Koreawhich are represents some of the industry leaders in region. Totally six points were selected around the combustion power plants to provide data on the areas within zones and agglomerations where the highest and lowest concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde occur during the sampling day. High performance liquid chromatography analyzer (HPLC) was used to measure the aldehydes values in the collected samples. The average emission of CH2O calculated on the basis emission in sampling day have been found 5.9 at Iksan , 3.32 in Gunsan and 3.62 ppb in Asan while the CH3CHO value as measured 2.82, 1.44 and 1.91ppb.

This study examined the household willingness to pay for improve improved solid waste disposal in Ibadan metropolis of Oyo state, Nigeria. . Data were collected randomly from one hundred and fifty-two (152) respondents with the use of structured questionnaire. Data analysis revealed that 53.3% of the respondents were male while 77% were married. Average household size was 5.87 members while average age was 41.8 years. More than half of the respondents are willing to pay for improved solid waste disposal. Logit analysis revealed that age, marital status, education, total household expenditure, price and bids has effect on willingness to pay for improved solid waste disposal at different level of significance. Tobit analysis showed that household expenditure, price of waste disposal and education have negative coefficient, number of sacks generated, marital status and house ownership has positive effect on the mean amount respondents were willing to pay for improved solid waste disposal.

A systematic study has been developed to check the quality of air in Lapai metropolis, Niger State, Nigeria. Aerosol samples were collected from four strategic locations during the period of June 2011, using the Gent Stacked sampler in order to characterize the elemental abundances in fine dust particles. In the application of Neutron Activation Analysis technique, the concentration of some heavy trace elements in the atmospheric aerosol were determined in which Vanadium and Manganese have been observed to be relatively lower compare to other elements. The computer software WINSPAN-2004 was used for peak identification, spectra evaluation and determination of the elemental concentrations of Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminum, Titanium and Sodium which revealed possible anthropogenic inputs into the air by means of automobile exhaust emissions, bush burning, welding activities and wind directional movement.

Respiratory disease incidence can be closely associated with designs of windows and lighting aspects in relation to some house structure dimensions. The aim was to compare the levels of respiratory disease incidences with the lighting designs at the study area, namely Gadamoji Division of the hilly Marsabit subcounty, an Arid and Semi-arid area, Kenya. To form a basis for comparison, rural appraisal tools were used to gather domestic health information from which, the position and extent of respiratory conditions were determined. Using similar tools for the same sampling units, data on housing design and lighting design were collected. Data were analysed using comparative techniques. The study categorized four major housing designs, four major designs of indoor lighting systems and three main sources of lighting fuels. Results showed that respiratory disease incidences were higher in traditional households and households which utilized wood fuel and kerosene in can lamps and lanterns respectively.

The contributions of different covering materials used on internal building surfaces including walls, ceilings and floors to indoor radon concentration in 36 buildings were measured using an active electronic device, the Safety Siren Pro Series 3 Radon Detector (Model HS71512). The three commonest combinations of covering materials in Ogbomoso are (A): paint, paint, carpet; (B): paint, fibre board, plastic tile; (C): paint, fibre board, ceramic tile. The buildings with combination (C) contributed the highest to the indoor radon concentration in buildings investigated in Ogbomoso while buildings with combination (A) contributed the least. The mean value for combinations (B) and (C) were found to be slightly greater than the world average of 40 Bqm-3 (UNSCEAR, 2000). A person living in building with combination (A) receive an annual dose to the lungs smaller than someone living in a building with combination (B) and (C) by 2.0216 x 10-8 Svy-1

Heavy metals find their entry into fresh water bodies form various sources like agricultural run off, mine discharge, chemical weathering of rocks and soils, wet and dry fallout of atmospheric particulate matter and in recent times more through anthropogenic activities. In the present investigation, River Cauvery one of the major rivers in India is chosen and an attempt has been made to analyse the heavy metal load of the river determined through surface water analysis. The results showed that all the metals are within the prescribed limits set by Bureau of Indian Standards and WHO 2006. However, presence of these heavy metals even in smaller quantities in surface waters is a warning signal sine there is a danger that the sediments may have more concentration of these metals. Because heavy metals pollution is less visible but its effects on the ecosystem and man can be intensive and very extensive when compared to other types of aquatic pollution. Hence, it is suggested that concerned authorities should wake up and take steps to contain the quantum of such heavy metals present in surface waters.