Physiology and Anatomy

Pleomorphic Adenoma (PA) also called as benign mixed tumour is the most common tumour of salivary glands. Intraoral presentation of tumour is comparatively rare with more chances of malignancy. Wide surgical excision with adequate margins is the most preferred mode of management. Histopathological analysis is essential for confirmatory diagnosis. A 62 year old female patient reported with chief complaint of a growth on right side of the throat since 6 years. Growth has gradually increased in size, painless but has difficulty in swallowing because of the same. Examination revealed a growth in relation to junction of hard and soft palate mostly on right side which is firm in consistency and non tender. Growth was excised with primary closure under General anesthesia. Histopathology confirmed the case to be pleomorphic adenoma.Pleomorphic adenoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of palatal swellings. As the lesion has a tendency for malignancy, careful evaluation of history, examination, histology and follow up is advised.

Ductal carcinoma is a rare tumor, which accounts for 1 to 3% of all malignant salivary gland tumors primarily affecting middle-aged men with a high potential for metastasis. In salivary gland neoplasms, rhabdoid cells are not commonly seen. We report the case of a 58-year-old man, who presented a mass of the left cheek evolving for 3 months, who underwent an exofacial parotidectomy, the extemporaneous histopathological analysis of the specimen revealed a ductal carcinoma with rhabdoid features. We completed by a total conservative parotidectomy of the facial nerve. Salivary duct carcinoma with rhabdoid features should be distinguished from malignant lymphoma, malignant melanoma, and myogenic sarcomas. Transformation to ductal carcinoma with rhabdoid features has occurred in metastatic lesions. Treatment was based on extensive carcinological resection with postoperative radiotherapy with regular follow-up.

The term Coarctation can be defined as the stricture or narrowing of the aorta, it affects both child and adult, but is seen mostly in children. Coarctation can be either be preductal or postductal. Depending on the severity of the condition and the time of diagnosisthe treatment can be determined in an individual.Identifying this condition very early in life is also beneficial to the patient even though there would be a few complications that would be faced depending on the form of treatment one choses. The present study aimed to understand the embryological basis and its clinical significance.

We report case of a patient of 19 years who introduced a pencil in intra-bladder via the urethra. The urinary tract without preparation (AUSP) objectified and ultrasound had a strong allure foreign body. Cystoscopy diagnostic and therapeutic purpose was performed. Given the particular psychological profile of the patient, it came in psychiatry. This kind of disease is rare in the professional life of the urologist, he help of a literature review on its merits, its complications and its management

Chronic oesophagitis dissecans secondary to lichen planus is a rare and often unrecognized pathology. The diagnosis is based on clinical (recurrent dysphagia and presence of cutaneous or genital lesions of lichen planus) endoscopic (desquamative esophagitis with proximal or multiple stenosis) and histological features. The treatment is still not well codified and the long-term prognosis remains unknown. We report a case of a woman with this affection with a 5 years follow up.

Medulloblastoma is one of the most common type of pediatric brain cancer, it is a primary neuroectodermal tumor located in the cerebellum and 4th ventricle. The treatment is based on surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The survival rate of children treated for this brain tumor has improved significantly in recent years thanks to the progress of various therapies. The neurocognitive sequelae secondary to the occurrence of a medulloblastoma have been the subject of numerous studies. We report the case of a 12-year-old boy with medulloblastoma of the posterior fossa, he underwent surgery and received radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Subsequently, he began to present school difficulties and memory disorders for this reason his pediatrician sent us for management. 

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent difficulties in social communication and interaction and restrictive, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior, activities, and interests. Children with autism also experience sensory processing issues and it is a part of diagnostic criteria for Autism. The executive functions are fundamental cognitive skills for achieving good performance in life, as well as in the school and social environment, allowing people to face new and complex situations and the major components of executive functions are working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility. executive functions in an early age evaluating a group of ASD preschool children and confirmed the presence of a significant deficit in some aspects of executive functions in subjects with ASD. The research indicated that children with ASD are often reported problem in executive function in order to have poor working memory capacity, difficulties in switching attention between tasks, and inhibition response problems, which can seriously affect their school performance and everyday functioning. An attempt has been made to review on executive functions in children with autism.

Cystic parotid lymphangiomas are benign vascular tumors that rarely appear in adults; they are usually detected in the first two years of life. Their appearance is due to an abnormal development of the lymphatic system during embryogenesis. Herein we report on two cases of intra-parotid cystic lymphangioma that occurred in teen age. A six year girl and a young girl of 13 years age were admitted in our unit because of an indolent and renitent isolated mass occupying the right parotid region. The diagnostic of an intra-parotid cystic lymphangioma was clinically advocated on echographic and CT imaging findings and then definitely proven after histopathologic studies of the ablation fragments. A total parotidectomy was made, removing the entire tumor. The parotid localization of cystic lymphangioma makes their surgical management difficult because of the development of lymphangioma between the branches of the facial nerve. The question of the benefit / risk ratio makes the therapeutic decision more complex because the aggressiveness of the radical tumor resection encounters a benign tumoral origin. It opposes two fundamental principles, first that of being radical on the tumor which is very recurrent and on the principle of remaining functional while preserving the function of the facial nerve.

Normally, in the heart of a fetus, there is a ductus arteriosus (DA) which is to close after birth at most three months. Because DA closes, it becomes ligamentum arteriosum. When DA does not close after birth, it is known as patent (open) ductus arteriosus (PDA). The left PDA occurs more than the right PDA. The size of the PDA determines the severity of the condition. Should be diagnosed and treated early in life. It can be treated either with drugs or surgery. When left untreated for a long time, it turns into Eisenmenger syndrome.

Malignant triton tumor (MTT) is an extremely rare variant of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) with rhabdomyo-sarcomatous differentiation. We report a case of a 14-year-old male without history of neurofibromatosis presented for post-traumatic abdominal pain. Ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed a large heterogeneous intraperitoneal mass near the vascular structures and repressing the adjacent organs. Surgery and anatomopathological examination revealed a malignant triton tumor. MTTs are highly aggressive tumors that are fast-growing with a tendency to recur locally and metastasize early. To date, there is no treatment consensus available yet and the overall prognosis remains dismal.