Literature

The aim of this paper is to explore the diasporic sensibilities of Jhumpha Lahiri as demonstrated through the culinary montage she appends to the retrospection of her life and history narrated in her anthology of short stories titled Interpreter of Maladies. The article highlights how Indian women living abroad find difficult to shed off the memories of their native land during their process of assimilation. To camouflage her apprehension of losing her identity and ameliorate her sense of dislocation in a foreign land, Jhumpha Lahiri persistently makes references to Indian food habits and culinary skills. Further she reminisces of rituals practised in the kitchen room and uses excessive food imagery to substantiate the physical and psychical conditions of Indian men and women and also to evaluate their intensiveness of relationship- cordial or complicated.

This study provides a small scale survey of English verbs that can take cognate objects (CO) both in Pakistani and British fictions in English language. Frequencies of the verbs along with cognate object constructions occurring in Pakistani English fiction (PEF) and British English fiction (BEF) have been compared and analyzed using AntConc 3.2.2w (windows) 2008. Several syntactic properties of cognate objects have also been investigated: such as the ability to take modifier, possibility of the cognate objects to be used as pronouns (it – pronominalization) have also been verified in cognate object constructions (COC) in Pakistani as well as in British English varieties. Focus of the study is on the characteristics of English verbs. It has been found that cognate object constructions are used less in PEF as compared to their presence in BEF. Proving the fact that cognate object constructions as the complex sentence structure. As English is not the native language of Pakistan, so the writers usually avoid the usage of cognate object constructions in PEF. The study establishes Pakistani English as an independent variety using its own distinctive linguistic features.

The African developmental state has become a critical concern of not only Africans but all peoples in the global community. The point at issue is not that African leaders at various historical epochs have to articulated philosophies and reasonable roadmaps to fast-tracking African developmental vision, however, in spite of all the efforts, it is observed that Africa is still at the lowest lung of world developmental indices. Now the million dollar question that agitates the minds of scholars and students of developmental studies in Africa is, ‘what is the real cause of African developmental stagnation’? Here many causes ranging from colonial exploitation to corruption and leadership ineptitude have been proffered. As good and reasonable as these propositions may be, this paper maintains that they are not the prime cause of African developmental dilemma, they are rather the secondary causes. This paper is of the opinion that African developmental problem lies in the nature of African epistemology and cosmology. It notes that African epistemology is organized around supernaturalism; this knowledge type stifles creativity and enslaves humanity to its lethal dictations as it limits man from attaining selfhood and self dictations and governance. This paper maintains that if African must attain her developmental dreams, she must first of all liberate herself from the powers of her religion and her worldview of life but as long as the current African epistemology continue to be her source of knowledge system, then she will continue to maintain her slavish status in the global community. Therefore, to change this status, this paper calls for the demystification and de-spiritualization of life and religion by the Africans.

This article was an attempt to analyze Hafez Poetry and its translated version regarding some aspects which may have gone unnoticed and may still be subject to much misinterpretation. Each couplet is full of terms which are of many probable references according to scholars.

Traditionally, classicism and romanticism are conceived as peculiar and mutually exclusive literary movements with distinct literary styles and stylistic characteristics. This paper aims to trace some prominent writing traits of the Romantic era like spontaneity, preoccupation with imagination and subjectivity and focus on highlighting emotions and feelings in poetry as evident in the works of poets writing before the Romantic era. A close examination and in-depth reading of selected works showed that romantic traits are not confined to the Romantic era only but also appear to be recurring in the writings of Chaucer, Spenser and other poets who were writing much before Wordsworth proposed the characteristics of romantic poetry in The Prelude. This study, therefore, traces romantic traits in the works that do not fall into romantic era chronologically.

The subject of this article investigated the relationship between Kurdish poetry and music. The purpose of this study is that in addition to communicating with the people of the Zagros music by bringing some evidence poem Examples of musical terminology Court poets show. Methodology of this study is analytical documents; after collecting the information, Topics will be analyzed. as a result of this article makes it clear that poetry and music have a great influence on each other. Poetry is meaningless without music, music without lyrics is not intercepted somewhere. Literature this art worthwhile and noble when can show your beauty may be associated with the arts such as music and combined, because Iranian music always has been associated with poetry and song. One of these effects, the impact of music in Kurdish poetry, poets and writers used words and terminology of musical such as: Reed Cheng, Barbat, Bolour, tar and so on. The resulting speak our ancestors have a looking the literature to be the mother of art and the arts such as music, painting, sculpting and ...literature owes its existence are and themes and its outer shape they have received. if the literary and artistic works out of the circle of the arts what remains for the Arts freshness and vitality and its influence will lose.

Nima was known as a poet while King Reza came to the crown, It was while Reza’s dictatorship limited everybody especially the literary figures and the deserved poets like Nima socially and politically. It is clear that the poets like Nima takes the refugee in the world of their poems by creating the symbols which are definitely belong to themselves, the symbols are aligned with the political, social, cultural problems and the clashes of his personal life, the limitation of literary thoughts, and the familiarity with European, the novice literature especially the French symbolism. Nima’s personal symbols include the different elements such as birds, humans, place, time, animal, nature and plants, therefore this study tries somehow to show and concentrate on them in details.

Amit Chaudhuri's first Novel A Strange and Sublime Address won the Betty Trask Award (1991) and the Commonwealth Writers Prize for Best First Book (1992) and was short-listed for the-Guardian Fiction prize (1991). In 1993, Afternoon Raag won the Southern Arts Literature Prize and won the Encore Award for Best Second Novel. Freedom Song was published in 1998 and won the Los Angeles Book Prize for Fiction (2000). His recent novel, A New World was published to great acclaim in the year 2000. His latest Book Real Time (2002), includes a number of short stories set in Bombay and Calcutta, some of which have been published in The London Review of Books, The Time Literary Supplement and The New Yorker. He is also the editor of the Picador Book of Modem Indian Literature published by Picador in 2001. He lives in Calcutta with his wife and daughter. The theme of the novel A Strange and Sublime Address deals with myriad impressions of life etched vividly in the consciousness of Sandeep, a Bombay based ten year old Bengali boy during the summer vacations he spends in the house of his youngest maternal uncle Chottamama in Calcutta. The random and banal occurrences of his day to day life such as baths, meals, outing, shopping, games, watching the adult routine, rituals, household chores and so on form the subject of the novel. Afternoon Raag tells the story of a young English Literature student at Oxford University, whose obsession with music is matched only by his equally obsessive memories and hallucinations. The ‘raag’ is not only an allusion to the musical tastes, but also a reference to the substance of the novel and its poetic and musical prose. The book might have got its title from an experience of an afternoon, when the narrator bought his first tanpura and tuned it with his Guru. The theme of his third novel A New World deals with the ordinary family life of Jayojit Chatterjee. The central character of the novel is Jayojit Chatteijee. He is a successful economist, a writer and university lecturer. He travels with his son Vikram to Calcutta from the United States to visit Jayojit’s parents for two months in the sweltering premonsoon season. Jayojit had recently finalized a divorce between himself and Vikram’s mother Amala. The divorce was stressful, but Jayojit and his exwife were able to reach a reasonable agreement concerning the joint custody of their son. Jayojit’s father a retired Admiral, has kept English as his language to perpetuate his membership of a ruling class. His mother busies herself with tasks done by servants in the days of plenty. Chaudhuri’s beautiful novels offer delicate tableaux of these characters. They whisper their visions to the readers with an eerie intimacy and power.

Concordancing in the classroom is fairly a new approach that has emerged with the use of corpora in language learning. In a concordance, language is presented in an authentic context; learners are able to examine a key word in the context of a string of sentences which can exemplify the use of that particular word. This study examined whether the use of an online concordance program together with an online dictionary by 30 intermediate EFL learners aided in the transfer of word knowledge to an academic writing task. The learners were selected from Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon branch, and randomly assigned into 2 groups of control group and experimental group. The subjects in the experimental group were asked to use the concordance and online dictionary in their writing, but the control group used only the online dictionary. The results indicated that there was statistically significant transfer of vocabulary knowledge to the writing task.

According to the teachings of Islam, the main source of glory to God, and all His glory. The Quran is very bad traits of human arrogance, is considered. In several places the Quran stipulates that all honor is with Allah, so if anyone is looking for glory, no way unless the Lord, to grant him and is in line with the faith and obedience of God, man Amour is also Scriptures of Sajadieh, in various statements, adjectives and adjective arrogance about blaming the esteem was deemed acceptable, and they have been studied. This study, based on an analytical method - description and use of resources in this context, the semantic difference, in terms of arrogance and self esteem in the Quran and Scriptures of Sajadieh, is discussed. The Quran, like the appearance of self-arrogance, but the dignity and arrogance like the evil arrogance, is a big nose. Between self-arrogance and humiliation, is located. Imam Sajjad (AS), the Scriptures, the Lord knows the glory and honor of God granting their request, and the request is not God's glory, do not allow. One barrier to achieving their self-esteem, arrogance knows, and in various ways preventing refer to Arrogance. As well as the dignity of Allah, the Quran, seeking forgiveness are the and It is shown that in the Islamic system, the source of self-formation, by God, not people. Thus, both the source, it was God all the glory, great cause Honorable, and Arrogance bad traits and will cause hardship.