Applied Chemistry

Chalcone derivatives were synthesized by reaction of some benzaldehyde derivatives with acetophenone , then the products obtained were allowed to react with urea, thiourea and hydroxylamine, to give the heterocyclic derivatives of oxazine, thiazine and isoxazole respectively. The final products have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR and proton NMR spectra. These compounds were also screened for their antibacterial activities.

Concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn were determined in the surface water of Usuma Dam and in the treated drinking water from the same source using Atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn in the surface raw water were 7.0, 17.0, 24.1, 14.0 and 43 µgl-1 respectively. While their concentration in the treated drinking water were 5.0, 10.0, 18.0, 9.0 and 25.3 µgl-1 respectively. The trend of the concentration is in the order of Zn > Pb> Cu> Ni> Cd in both the water samples. The result shows that the metal concentrations in the treated drinking water are lower than the metal concentration in the raw water. This may be attributed to water treatment processes and distribution.

The levels of fatty acids, phospholipids and sterols were determined in the raw, roasted and cooked wholeseeds flour of Treculia africana. Results showed crude fat varied from 2.90 – 8.67 g/100 g; SFA from 18.7 – 31.2 % of total fatty acids, total polyunsaturated unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) varied from 34.7 – 46.8 % and MUFA/SFA ranged from 0.962 – 2.89, PUFA/SFA ranged from 1.05 – 2.50, n-6/n-3, EPSI (PUFA/MUFA), LA/aLA and EPA/DHA ranged from 7.80 – 28.8, 0.830 – 1.35, 30.4 – 237 and 0.530 – 1.21 respectively. The samples had high levels of n-6 fatty acids but low in n-3 fatty acids. In the phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine was highest in the raw wholeseed flour whereas phosphatidylinositol was highest both in roasted and cooked wholeseed flours with respective values of 733 and 733 (mg/100 g). The sterol values in the samples varied from: raw (7.9e-8 – 98.4); roasted (3.1e-7 - 302) and cooked (5.40e-6 – 309) mg/100 g. In all the samples, cholesterol was of the least concentration. In all nutrient parameters considered, roasted and cooked wholeseed flours were better than the raw wholeseed flour. Correlation coefficient was significantly and positively high at r = 0.05 in: the crude fats, total fatty acids and energy; fatty acids, fatty acids as food, energy contribution from fatty acids and sterols.

Synthesized a series of new Ni complexes by using Enrofloxacin and dicoumarol derivatives. Physico-chemical, spectroscopic and thermal properties of the complexes have been studied on the basis of infrared spectra, mass spectra, NMR spectra, electronic spectra, elemental analyses. All the compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus clavatus and Aspergillus niger. Ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of all complexes were measured. Also the compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis shows clear enhancement in the antitubercular activity upon Nickel complex.

Statistics show that the consumption of plastics has been increasing every year. To reduce environment waste plastic they must be recycled. Among the various types of recycling, pyrolysis in general, offers an environmentally attractive method to decompose wide spectrum of wastes, including waste plastics. Pyrolysis of plastic waste results in char, pyro oil and pyro gases. The derived oils may be used directly as fuel or added to petroleum refinery feed stock. The gases are also useful as fuel and solid char may be used as either smokeless and fuel or activated carbon or can be gasified for production of fuel gases. In this paper a detailed literature of pyrolysis of waste plastic materials is reviewed and the effect of process parameters on the yield of pyrolysis products was discussed.

Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Pd(II) complexes of the Schiff base, 6-methyl-3-[[4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl]imino}methyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-ol are synthesized and characterized by microanalysis, conductance, 1H NMR, infrared and electronic spectral measurements. The ligand coordinates through the chromenol O and imine N atoms to the metal ions, and the Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes are in the trans-isomeric form as shown by IR measurements. All the complexes form as [ML2]xH2O with the exception of the Mn(II) complex which analyzed as [MLNO3]H2O. Electronic measurements are indicative of a four coordinate, tetrahedral /square-planar geometry for the complexes and none is an electrolyte in nitromethane. The antibacterial studies reveal that the Schiff base and its Cu(II) complex exhibit broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with inhibitory zones range of 11.0-13.0 mm and 10.0-16.0 mm respectively. The cytotoxic study shows that the Cu(II) complex has the best in-vitro anticancer activity against both HT-29 (colon carcinoma) and MCF-7(human breast adenocarcinoma) cells with activities of about a half (17.02 ?M), and a fifth(9.78 ?M ) that of Cis-platin respectively.

An isocratic reversed phase stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay method was developed and validated for quantitative determination of Nicardipine hydrochloride in bulk drugs and the degradation products generated from forced decomposition. An isocratic, reversed phase HPLC method was developed to separate the drug from the degradation products, using an Waters Symmetry shield C18 (250 x 4.6)mm,5u column and the mobile phase containing the of mixture of triethylamine-phosphoric acid buffer (pH-3.5 by orthophosphoric acid, acetonitrile (35:65,v/v). The detection was carried out at wavelength 353 nm. The Nicardipine hydrochloride was subjected to stress conditions of hydrolysis (acid, base), oxidation (50 % H2O2).The degradation was observed for buclizine hydrochloride in base and negligible degradation observed 50 % H2O2. The mass balance was close to 100 in all the stress conditions. The degraded products were well resolved from main peak. The developed method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy (recovery), precision, system suitability, selectivity, robustness and forced degradation studies prove the stability indicating ability of the method.

In this study, heavy metals Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd) and Selenium(Se) were determined to assess the pollution level of Opa Dam. The water of the dam and the liver, gills and fillet of six Momyrus rume and six Tilapia zilli were analyzed by AAS. The order of the metals in the water and fillets of (M. rume and T. zilli) were Pb>Ni>Se?Cd>Hg, Ni>Pb>Se?Cd?Hg and Ni>Pb>Se>Cd?Hg. Pb, Ni and Hg were higher above the standard permissible level (EPA2002, WHO2003,WPCL 2004 and SON 2007) in Opa Dam water while nickel was outrageous in the fillet above the FAO,1983 and WHO 1985 limit of heavy metals in fish food. Thus, the dam needs periodical monitoring for the safety of the fish consumers and for water usage.

An efficient, convenient and cost-effective method to synthesize 3,5-bis-(arylmethylidene)-tetrahydropyran-4-one derivatives using alum (KAl(SO4)2.12H2O) as catalyst was performed in aqueous media. This method has several advantages such as environmental friendliness, high yields and simple workup procedure.

The current research is focused on the need to find an economical adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. The research was performed to assess the potential of a biocarbon generated from medicinal plant called Phyllanthus niruri (Phyllanthaceae) as an adsorbent in the removal of heavy metals from solution. Results from batch adsorption studies on the effect of pH, contact time, different concentration of Cu metal ions were used to estimate the optimum adsorption conditions. The obtained results showed that, the adsorption of the metal ions was dependent on adsorbent dosage, contact time and pH. The optimum adsorbent dosage, and pH, was found to be at 2.5 g and pH 4.4 respectively. The effective contact time was 150min at 30 0C. The study also showed that activated carbon produced from Phyllanthus Niruri biomass can be efficiently used as low cost alternative for removal of metal ions.