Electrical and Electronics

This moisture level detector has two alternative power sources (3W, 11.5V solar panel and 9V battery) which supply voltages to the system and then regulated by a 7805IC voltage regulator to 5V required by a programmable hardware (microcontroller) with embedded analog digital converter (ADC). The microcontroller receives information from the probe (sensor) inserted into the soil, processes the information and displays the output on a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) within few seconds. The moisture contents of four soil samples A, B, C and D (respectively clay soil, loamy soil, sandy soil and silt soil) obtained from different locations were determined using this detector. Samples A, B, C and D respectively showed moisture percentages of 85%, 71%, 43% and 21%. From the obtained results, sample A showed that the moisture level is above average, sample B showed that the moisture level is just average, sample C and D showed that the moisture levels are respectively below average and poor. From the obtained result, clay soil retained more water than other soil samples due to its high water holding capacity. The moisture level detector performed at an efficiency of 85%.

This paper presents a Diode Clamped Inverter for Static Compensator (STATCOM) using Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) technique. Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), a Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) controller .For a given dc bus voltage the maximum inverter line-to-line voltage generated by the SVPWM scheme is 15.5% higher than that by the SPWM scheme. SVPWM scheme is used to reduce the switching losses, by changing switching states such that only single phase voltage changes every time. SVPWM strategy enables balancing voltages of the dc capacitors without using additional devices multilevel (three level) inverter is used to reduce THD in its ac output voltages in comparison to the two-level inverter. In order to achieve reactive power control, by maintaining unity power factor at the source end feeding reactive load by three level diode clamped SVPWM Inverter which is adapted as STATCOM is employed in this paper. The control strategy for the compensation is based on the instantaneous active and reactive power theory The STATCOM is modelled and simulated in MATLAB Simulink environment. The simulation results of STATCOM under balance voltage condition are presented.

A novel phase-shift plus pulse width modulation (PSP) control ZVS bidirectional dc–dc converter is proposed in this paper. By adopting active clamping branch ZVS condition is realized for all switches. The proposed converter has the advantage of wide range of input, output control and reduced switching losses. The performance of proposed converter is compared with the same power rated conventional topology and the results are presented.

In this world of technology and scientific development, there has been great need to intensify researches on the development of security alarming systems in our agricultural farms and farmsteads. The pressure mat auto-light (PMAL) security control system is a sensory device consisting of two separate sensory units (Pressure Mat (PM) unit and Auto-Light (AL) unit) integrated into an efficient single sensory security system. It is designed and constructed with mat transmitter (MT) under a foot mat signaler receiver (FMSR) 12V, 223A buzzer, light emitting diode (LED), integrated circuit (IC), transistor (L8050), LM358N op-amp, a 2-1.5V battery, and resistors of 0.5? and 4.5? served as signaler receiver (SR), Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), a relay of 1000mA, 1000W/12V power transformation and power source of 220V to 240V. Efficiency of 70%, 95.8% and 90% for the frequency of loop gain , transmitter ( ) and receiver ( ) circuits respectively showed reliability of the PMAL designed and constructed. From evaluation and testing of the device, the receiver can sense any pressure or weight upon the triggering spring at a distance 150m away from its area of installation, within which the buzzer beeps (sounds out), signaling wave presence in the receiver unit, thereby alerting the presence of intruder(s) in farmstead(s) and thus automatically shut-close the farmstead with the aid of a LDR, so that wild animals such as fox, jackals, wolfs etc will be kept away from fields of forest nursery and confined animals.

This paper presents an optimization model to calculation of the minimum number of phasor measurement units (PMUs) for complete observability of electrical power networks. Minimum PMU placement problem has multiple solutions. We propose a flow chart and indicators in order to find all solution and rank these multiple solutions, respectively. The proposed model is capable of obtaining the full set of optimal solutions instead of only one or partial solutions. The integer linear programming (ILP) approach is implemented to solve this model. We propose a procedure for multistaging of PMU placement in a given time horizon due to financial and physical constraints using an ILP framework. In addition, network expansion scenarios associated with intermediate stages are taken into account. Numerical studies are conducted on a nine-bus system and the IEEE 57-bus system and the results are analyzed.

For a DFIG based wind energy system, the Rotor side converter (RSC) controls the torque and active/ reactive power of the generator while Grid side converter (GSC) controls the DC-link voltage and its AC-side reactive power. The stability of DC link capacitor voltage ensures that a nearly sinusoidal voltage is delivered by the GSC which is used as inverter. The present paper explores the important issues of maintaining the DC link capacitor Voltage value as close as possible to the nominal value of 1150 V and its Reactive Power value as close as possible to 0 Mvar under certain common types of faults.

Vehicle Theftshas been rapidly increasing in the present automobile industry, designing an intelligent security system for vehicles can be done by using a microcontroller. The developed security system makes use of ARM microcontroller, touch screen, a GSM module, and MEMS that is embedded in the vehicle by interfacing it to Engine Control Module (ECM).In the present day vehicles, remote keyless entry system and immobilizer system are used for prevention of vehicle theft. The proposed project aims to design a theft prevention and thief identification system by adding another level of security enhancements and improvising the existing system to overcome drawbacks. As automobiles become more sophisticated, security system for vehicles must be stronger. Thelist of features implemented in this project are, smart gravitational lock, touch screen ignition, thief identification by camera etc., The features are implemented by using triple axis MEMS Accelerometer, Touch screen, GPS Receiver, GSM cellular modem, VGA spy camera. The goal behind this design is to prevent vehicles thefts rather than finding the theft vehicle and a spysystem to identify the thief for future assistance.

Image morphing is a very important tool in film and animation industry. There is a potential need to do the research in the field of image morphing. There are lots of applications based on morphing in the area of image processing and image data security. There has been a significant improvement in the research related to image morphing in the past few years. In this paper, state of the art methods from 1980, s of morphing is discussed. In various sections of the paper methods related to transformation of pixels, interpolation and other methods of image morphing are discussed. A sincere attempt is made to address the comparison of these methods depending upon various parameters and techniques. This will help the researcher to compare and identify the method for further research. It is also highlighted the possible direction of research till date. Moreover the paper also contains a comprehensive bibliography of many selected papers appeared in reputed journals and conference proceedings as an aid for the researchers working in the field of image morphing. It includes old research papers to new research papers till date.

This paper proposes a review of the main uniqueness and parameters of photovoltaic (PV) cell. A photovoltaic (PV) cell converts the solar energy into the electrical energy by the photovoltaic effect. The heat does not participate constructively in this process. Heat actually limits the performance of p-n layers, and the presence of excess heat is a sign of deterioration in a PV cell. Most solar cells are built from silicon, and the presence of impurities influences their performance. The losses occurring in the field operation of a PV cell have to be considered in order to calculate precisely its real electric power output. The PV module model is simulated using Matlab. The reviewed model is based on previous studies and previous models. Finally, the model has been compared with experimental data of a commercial PV module USP5-6V.

Environment monitoring system is developed to ensure the safety and convenience of an environment which needs high security. It makes use of a temperature sensor, door sensor, hall effect sensor, RFID and accelerometer. This paper aims to develop such an embedded system that monitors parameters like temperature and door status through an android app along with providing security and high temperature alerts. Over current sensing is also employed to protect the circuit by relay switching. The real time values from the sensors are monitored by LPC1754 and SMS is sent to required mobile numbers having the EMS app with the help of a GSM module. The system uses a compact circuitry built around ARM Cortex M3 LPC1754 microcontroller Programs are developed in Embedded C using the IDE Keiluvision4. JTAG is used for loading programs into Microcontroller.