Social Sciences

The study assessed the effectiveness of support structures available to orphans in rural communities of Ibadan South East Local government area of Oyo state, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique comprising of probability and non-probability sampling methods was used to select one hundred and twenty orphans from 10 rural communities of the local government. The main findings of the study show that the mean age of the orphans is 16.6 years with close to two-third (63.33%) being females. Seventy five percent had no formal education while 90% were not schooling; they receive a mean income of less than N80 per day. The respondents as one of the adjustment strategies are engaged in one agricultural economic activities or the other with higher proportion (67.50%) into food processing. About 16.67% do not engage in any non-agricultural activity while majority (38.33%) of them is into trading. Most of the orphans have been exposed to abuses such as maltreatment, rape, discrimination and street hawking with 81.67% of them exposed to more than one of the abuses. The feeling of inferiority complex is the most common condition under which the orphans live. Food, clothing and education were the only support structures available to orphans that are effective as revealed by the study. Due to the ineffectiveness of the support structures in the study area, all orphans involved in this study were found to be involved in at least one agricultural activity, most especially, in food processing.

Over the recent years, lives and property worth millions of shillings have been destroyed in fire disasters in secondary schools in the world. Cases of fire disasters in Kenyan secondary schools have been experienced in the last decade with increasing frequency and severity. It was therefore necessary to determine the causes of fire disasters in secondary schools. The main objective of this study was to assess causes of fire disasters in secondary schools in Kenya. An evaluation research design was used. Stratified simple random sampling was used to select the schools and the respondents. The study population was composed of secondary school principals, teachers, laboratory technicians, students and the District Quality Assurance and Standards Officers (DQASO) in Vihiga County. Data was collected by use of structured questionnaires designed for teachers, students and laboratory technicians, in-depth interviews with school principals and the DQASOs and an observation checklist. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 11.5 was used in the analysis of data with Chi-square being used to test independence and variation of responses. A spearman’s rank order correlation was run to determine the relationship between teachers’ and students’ responses. According to the findings of this study, Faulty electrical appliances, arson, flammable materials, gas leakages, waste burning, students unrest and lighting were cited as main hazards that lead to fire disasters in secondary schools. It was also established that: five out of the thirty five schools that participated in the study had experienced fire disasters in the last 10 years; in all the schools that had experienced fire disasters causes were clearly known; It was concluded that: fire disasters in Vihiga are frequent and severe; that the trends as to the causes of fire disasters in the county are dynamic; most of the administrators and even teachers were not trained in fire fighting skills; most of the schools dint have safety committees and were not practicing fire drills and that most of the general requirements for fire disaster preparedness were not in place. The findings of the study will enable schools to be aware of fire hazards and empower them to reduce their vulnerability to fire disasters. It will also be important to education policy makers who will use this information in formulating and implementing policies on fire safety in schools.

Job satisfaction is the sense of well- being, good feeling and positive mental state that emerge in an incumbent worker when his obtained reward consequent upon his performance is congruent with his equitable reward. Extant literature in other sectors of the economy points to the fact that factors such as poor working conditions, below competitive salaries, a lack of promotional opportunities are some of the factors contributing to employee dissatisfaction.The aim of this study is to ascertain the levels of job satisfaction amongst quantity surveyors in consulting firms in Lagos, Nigeria. Biographical and job descriptive index questionnaires (JDI) were administered to gather the data. The JDI measures job satisfaction on five facets, namely, pay, promotions, supervision, co-workers and the work itself. A total of 100 questionnaires were collected and used for the study. The survey covered quantity surveyors in consulting firms in Lagos and the respondents were selected using stratified random sampling technique. Data collected were analysed using mean item score, spearman rank correlation, correlation matrix, linear regression analysis where appropriate. Findings of the study revealed that the respondents were satisfied with the relationship with co-workers, nature of work and the supervision they receive. Major sources of dissatisfaction are promotion and salaries of the respondents. This finding is a bold step and necessary benchmark for resolving major sources of dissatisfaction among quantity surveyors in consulting firms. The roles of other contextual factors on job satisfaction need to be contemplated for future research.

This study aimed to investigate the effect on women's employment and the economy on women and families, is in the city of Kermanshah in 2015. The method used in this study is survey method. The study population includes women working in Kermanshah, in 2015 that 380 women, according to Cochran's sampling method, as the population sample is chosen, the selected sample was based on random sampling. Using pre-tested questionnaire, collect required information, and to analyze the data, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used. The findings of the study showed a significant relationship between the variables education, careers, the earnings of women with respect to the upbringing of children, to participate in the decision-making of family affairs, psychological security of women, and to a large extent have traditional culture , and patriarchal views of their influence.

Tribal are self-sufficient and self-contended by nature. The demand for life sustenance originates at home and ends from the supply of nature at most of the cases. Empowerment and dis-empowerment is always viewed and weighted with outside lenses. Dimension of well-being of tribal women is captured in the study through the level of household income, food security, institutional participation and access to credit facilities and leveraging resources based on the principle of inclusion of the excluded.

Service learning is a method of teaching where students apply their academic skills and knowledge to address real-life needs in their own communities. Service learning is a pedagogical strategy that facilitates a student's growth in academics, social maturity, critical thinking, and communication, collaboration, and leadership skills. This educational opportunity possesses enormous potential to move higher education in the direction of civic involvement by taking the classroom into the community. Student experienced stronger positive effects on critical thinking, degree plans, sense of control over their own academic success, and preference for higher-order cognitive tasks

Abstract Cost efficiency is important as far as the performance of an organisation is concerned. Cost efficiency helps an organisation to maximise output from a given set of inputs and use these inputs in optimal proportions. Consequently, there will be an increase in return on assets and equity and hence profitability of the organisation. However, cost efficiency seems to be low in many primary schools in Uganda. Some schools have suffered insolvency, while others have stagnated, been sold and collapsed. This paper derived from a PhD proposal suggests a framework for studying factors relating to cost efficiency in private primary schools. The study presents the introduction, theories, the statement of the problem, objectives, significance, conceptual framework, related literature and the corresponding hypotheses to be tested. It also suggests the methodology that will be used by the study. The PhD monograph and future articles that will be generated from the proposed study will provide the findings, conclusions and recommendations.

The tribal populations are is recognised as socially and economically vulnerable. Their lifestyles and food habits are different from that of their rural neighbours. They depend on minor forest produce and manual labour for livelihood. They may not have adequate income. Their food consumption pattern is dependent on the vagaries of nature and varies from extreme deprivation (in the lean seasons) to high intakes (in the post-harvest period). This leads to the health and nutrition problems. The health and nutrition problems of the vast tribal population of India are as varied as the tribal groups themselves who present a bewildering diversity and variety in their socio-economic, socio-cultural and ecological settings. The objective of the present paper is to examine health and nutritional status of the tribal population in India. The collected data reveals that Primitive tribal groups of India have special health problems and genetic abnormalities. The malnutrition is high among the tribal population. The tropical disease like malaria is still widespread in the tribal areas. The tribal population has a much lower Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) as compared to the scheduled castes but moderately higher than the other population. No specific precautions are observed at the time of conducting deliveries which resulted in an increased susceptibility to various infections. Services of paramedical staff are secured only in difficult labour cases. Vaccination and immunization of Infants and children have been inadequate among tribal groups. In addition, extremes of magico-religious beliefs and taboos tend to aggravate the problems. Lack of medical facility is another problem for them. Hygiene problem is very common in rural as well as in tribal areas. Hence proper methods should be developed to tackle the problems.

A single speaker will use different linguistic forms on different occasions, and different speakers of a language will express the same meanings using different forms. Speakers of a language make choices in pronunciation, morphology, vocabulary, and grammar depending on a number of non-linguistic factors: the speaker’s purpose in communication, and some other non-linguistic features that cannot be used intentionally: age, and sex. If one person utters the sentence ‘John is a farmer’ and another says the same thing except pronounces the word farmer as ‘fahmuh,’ then the difference is one of accent. But if one person says something like ‘You should not do that’ and another says ‘Ya hadn’t oughta do that,’ then this is a dialect difference because the variation is greater. A dialect is variation in grammar and vocabulary in addition to sound variations. There are occupational dialects (the word bugs means something quite different to a computer programmer and an exterminator), sexual dialects (women are far more likely than men to call a new house adorable), and educational dialects (the more education people have, the less likely they are to use double negatives). There are dialects of age (teenagers have their own slang, and even the phonology of older speakers is likely to differ from that of young speakers in the same geographical region) and dialects of social context (we do not talk the same way to our intimate friends as we do to new acquaintances, to the paperboy, or to our employer). There is a relationship between linguistic and non-linguistic variations. Understanding this relationship can help language learners to express themselves more appropriately. Such an understanding is an asset without which they run the risk of exposing themselves to being laughed at. This paper focuses on enabling learners of the English language to participate successfully in social and linguistic interaction through developing their communicative competence or through discovering how various aspects of the non-linguistic context influence the nature of linguistic communication.

The present study was conducted in rural Mangalore taluk of Daskhina Kannada district of Karnataka state to explore the pattern of social support system and life satisfaction elders and to seek the scope for social work intervention in this case. A simple random sample of 60 elders was covered from the study area. The data were collected through pretested semi-structured questionnaires and data were analyzed by using percentages and proportions. Out of 60 respondents, 45(75%) elders were married and living with their family members. The Family members were quoted as most important social support network factors for life satisfaction in the case of 48(80%). It was found that 42 (70%) respondents were not anxious about the future, since the respondents are economically sustainable and position in the family is comparatively good.