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Biogas, a clean and renewable form of energy could very well substitute (especially in the rural sector) for conventional sources of energy (fossil fuels, oil, etc.) which are causing ecological–environmental problems and at the same time depleting at a faster rate. Despite its numerous advantages, the potential of biogas technology could not be fully harnessed or tapped as certain constraints are also associated with it. Most common among these are: the large hydraulic retention time of 30–50 days, low gas production in winter, etc. Therefore, efforts are needed to remove its various limitations so as to popularize this technology in the rural areas. Researchers have tried different techniques to enhance gas production. This paper reviews the various techniques, which could be used to enhance the gas production rate from solid substrates.

The industrial/military power of any nation is attributed to its ability to produce steel. Alloys are as a result of the combination of a base material with other constituent elements. It is therefore interesting to note that for this well researched paper metallic alloys are a combination of a base metal and other constituents. The main constituents here are the carbon. It is the addition of carbon that change metals to an engineering material, thus, various constituents of carbon carbides can be constituted to give different categories of steel alloys which can be used to produce different spare parts. With various production methods, these steel alloys can be better appreciated by what it can be used to accomplish.

The analog speech signal can be used for interacting with machines, computers or robots. In this case, speech algorithm is capable to recognize the voice commands that are given as inputs to a mobile robot through wireless XBee modules. It is actually a form of Word Recognition. In this presented paper, a voice command recognition system is going to be developed by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The Commands that used here are all in Nepali Languages (used in North East India). Linear predictive coding (LPC) has been applied to represent speech signal in frames in early stage. Features from the selected frames are used to train multilayer perceptrons (MLP) using back-propagation. The same routine is applied to the speech signal during the recognition stage and unknown test patterns are classified to the nearest patterns. In short, the selected frames represent the local features of the speech signal and all of them contribute to the global similarity for the whole speech signal. The analysis, design and development of the automation system are done in MATLAB, in which an isolated word speaker independent digits recogniser is developed.

The aim of this paper is to develop a methodology for solving matrix games with fuzzy payoffs. Here, a fuzzy matrix game has been considered and its solution method has been proposed using interval parametric technique. This technique is based on parametric representation of interval number. In this technique, the fuzzy number has been converted into interval number using interval approximation of fuzzy number and the interval number has been presented to its parametric interval functional form. Then the corresponding matrix game has been converted into crisp game using the said technique. The value of the matrix game for each player is obtained by solving corresponding crisp game problems using the existing method. Finally, a numerical example has been considered and solved in support of the solution method.

Retirement is of the categories, which contains widely range in studies and involves scientific and legislative societies of each country to itself. In numerous discussions with pension matters; discussion about mandatory retirement age, because of its closeness with employment; more than other retirement issues is important and it more worthy to pay attention. Also, the mandatory retirement age increase or decrease due to its different effects on different domains (such as job or income and social security organization losses) is quite a challenging and reviewable matter. Accordingly, we have tried to engage to the subject of compulsory retirement age and factors affecting its determination and to provide a good model for legislation in this field.

Testing is an accepted technique for improving the quality of developed software With the increase in size and complexity of modern software products, the importance of testing is rapidly growing. Regression testing plays a vital role for software maintenance when software is modified. The main purpose of regression testing is to ensure the bugs are fixed and the new functionality that are incorporated in a new version of a software do not unfavorably affect the correct functionality of the previous version. So to revalidate the modified software, regression testing is the right testing process. Though it is an expensive process which requires executing maintenance process frequently but it becomes necessary for subsequent version of test suites. To evaluate the quality of test cases which are used to test a program, testing requires execution of a program. In this paper we propose a new test case prioritization technique using genetic algorithm. The proposed technique separate the test case detected as severe by customer and among the rest test case prioritizes subsequences of the original test suite so that the new suite, which is run within a time-constrained execution environment, will have a superior rate of fault detection when compared to rates of randomly prioritized test suites. This experiment analyzes the genetic algorithm with regard to effectiveness and time overhead by utilizing structurally-based criterion to prioritize test cases.

The traditional physical education teaching mode limits the main demands of students and cannot meet the requirements of the society for physical education. Flipped classroom teaching mode, as a new teaching mode, has its advantages fully reflected. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of flipped classroom teaching mode and traditional teaching mode are compared by means of literature data method and logical analysis, and the specific steps and principles for attention are integrated into physical education teaching, hoping to improve the level of physical education.

World population growth and increasing needs to various industries have led to the accumulation of a wide variety of contaminants in the environment and natural resources. The use of synthetic dyes is increasing in many areas. More than 10,000 chemically different dyes are being manufactured. Synthetic dyes have been widely used in many industries such as textile, tannery, food, pharmaceutical, pulp and paper, paint, plastics, electroplating, and cosmetics industries.The effluent discharge from these industries has destructive effects on the environment and human health; reducing sunlight penetration and gas solubility in aqueous ecosystems and mutagenic and carcinogenic effects in living organisms. Interest in the pollution potential of textile dyes has been primarily prompted by concern over their possible toxicity and carcinogenicity. Even though physico-chemical methods are effective in dye removal, problems such as the overall cost, regeneration, secondary pollutants, limited versatility, interactions with other wastewater constituents, and residual sludge generation limit their usage. As an alternative, biological treatments are a relatively inexpensive way to remove dyes from wastewater. The use of biological methods such as bioaccumulation and biosorption through bioflocculation technique is suitable for the removal of such dyes from wastewaters. In this study, bacterial strain of Bacillus subtilis has been used for the removal of methyl violet dye from an Egyptian textile effluent. More than 98 % removal is achieved through application of bioflocculation technique. Complete characterization for the textile effluent before and after treatment with bacterial strain has been done including TSS, TDS and turbidity. At the same time, physicochemical characterization of Bacillus subtilis bacterial strain was studied.

Business Analytics (BA) have provided remarkable opportunities for organizations to implement new techniques to face competitive challenges.. However, the effect of BA’s contribution would be increased through the mediation role of data-driven culture in the organization. Business analytics have gained popularity in recent times to analyse complex data and derive meaningful solution. It is an emerging science and technology which involves multidisciplinary information in diversified areas. An optimum strategy is possible for any company through Big data analytics. This paper focus on how business intelligence can be enhanced through big data analytics.

Azanza garckeana is a wild edible indigenous fruit tree species in western Sudan locally named (Jakhjakh). The physiochemical and analytical study of Azanza garckeana fruit, physical parameters of fruits determined length ranges 2.52 – 3.52 cm, Width 2.07 – 2.68 cm, Thickness 2.00 – 2.72 cm, Weight 4.05 – 7.98 g, Edible part + peels 2.89 – 5.92 g, Seeds 1.15 – 2.06 g. The chemical contents Crude Protein 9.21%, Moisture 3.82%, Fat 1.19%, Crude Fiber 45.23%, Ash 22.2%, Carbohydrates 42.17%, Energy Value 219.28%, Total Sugar 31.36%, Reducing Sugars 17.72%, Total treatable acidity 0.13%, Vitamin C 41.92%, B-carotene(IU/100g) Vitamin A 18.50% and Pectin 0.26%. The elements determined using ICP-OES the metal levels are decreasing in order Sr > Mn > Ti > Ba > As > Zn > Cu > Cr > V > Co. And essential elements found in higher level order degrease as Ca > K > Mg > P > Na > Si > Fe > Al > Li = Be.