Physiology and Anatomy

The Truncus Arteriosus (TA) is a vast developmental structure which is present during fetal life and normally divides off to form two separate arteries, the Aorta and the Pulmonary artery. In Persistent Truncus Arteriosus (PTA), the Truncus Arteriosus doesn’t divide, giving rise to a single, large trunk, with a correlation between the Aorta and Pulmonary artery, thereby allowing the mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the Fetus. This article aims to discuss in the detail, the origin of this congenital heart anomaly and how it affects the population with focus on related clinical studies and possible remedies.

Fahr’s syndrome is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by bilateral, symmetrical deposition of calcium in the basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebral cortex, dentate nucleus, cerebellum subcortical white matter, and hippocampus. It usually presents in the fourth or fifth decade with seizures and extra pyramidal symptoms initially and then gradually progressive cognitive impairment. It is mostly associated with a disorder of calcium and phosphate metabolism, but can also be due to infectious, metabolic, or genetic diseases. A 10 year old girl presented with history of recurrent seizures, headache, and tetany since the age of 6 years. On examination Chvostek and Trousseau signs were positive, bilateral cataract and papilledema were present. Laboratory tests showed ionic calcium of 0.47 mmol/L. Electrocardiography showed prolonged QT interval. Computed tomography scan of the brain showed bilateral symmetric calcification of lentiform nuclei and the subcortical fibers of fronto-parietal region. Final diagnosis of our case was fahr’s syndrome secondary to hypoparathyroidism based on further investigations. 

For the sake of safety and convenience, the current practice of feeding infants on medicines generally is through liquid medicine placed in several kinds of feeders. However, as infants usually do not cooperate, the results are not always satisfactory and the actual dosage of intake is hard to precisely be measured, thus discounting the effect of medical treatment. To overcome the above shortcomings, this invention is to create a medicine-giving device built in a nipple pacifier for infants to use. We hope to improve the effect of feeding infants on medicine by calming the infants down during the feeding process, so the full dosage of medicine could be taken completely and successfully.

The bladder Adenocarcinoma is an extremely rare urological entity. We report the case of an 80 year old patient. The Cystoscopic exploration found a solid tumor located at the anterior side, the rest of the bladder mucosa was featureless. The anatomopathological study showed the presence of an adenocarcinoma with glandular architecture. The immunohistochemical study showed a positive labeling of the tumor cells by the anti CK 20, with an absence of nuclear labeling of ?-catenin, thus confirming the primitive bladder character of the mucinous Adenocarcinoma. Due to the localized appearance of the tumor an anterior pelvectomy with drainage type cutaneous ureterostomy was performed.

Tracheoesophageal fistulas (TOF) are a rare but sometimes a severe complication of tracheotomy. Their clinical presentations, of varying severity, usually involve several symptoms. The diagnostic procedure always combines chest x-rays looking for a pneumothorax, a pneumomediastinum or an aerogastry, and bronchial fibroscopy which determines the location, size and potential severity of the lesion. Therapeutic management is based on surgical repair. Prevention of TOF is important and must represent the real treatment.

A lot of controversy continues regarding the development of human penile urethra.Posterior urethral valves are congenital disorder and can only seen in male infants. It caused by failure of regression of the mesonephric duct. Most of cases PUV’s a sporadic and only occur in males, evidence suggests that they can be found in siblings or twins in a family. If PUV’s are not diagnosed and treated early they can cause damage in the ureters, urethra, bladder and kidney, constraints lung developments cause of low quantity of amniotic fluid. PUV’s are commonly diagnosed prior to birth or at birth when a male infant is evaluated for antennal hydronephrosis.

Pre-ureteric vena cava is a rare congenital disorder, usually presenting clinically with hydronephrosis and an “S or fishhook” deformity of the ureter at the lumbar vertebrae three and four. Unusual presentations do occur and can lead to misdiagnoses. Though it is a congenital disorder, patients do not normally present with symptoms until the 30 years of life with various complains, results due to back pressure changes lead to hydronephrosis (water in the kidney).

Sickle cell disease an inherited common blood disorder due to the presence of the abnormal haemoglobin S. This is a prospective study done at Kenyatta National Hospital that describes a point of care method for diagnosis of HbAS, HbSS, HbSC and HbAA using the Sickle SCAN™ test. It determines the sensitivity, specificity in comparison with haemoglobin electrophoreisis.These results validate the use of sickle Scan as a low cost method for screening and diagnosing children and adults with esickle cell disease.

Cancer is currently the cause of 12% of all deaths worldwide. The number of cancer deaths annually will increase from about 6 million to 10 million. Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women worldwide, with nearly 1 000 000 new cases diagnosed per year, and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide. The causes of breast cancer remain largely unknown, but certain reproductive and hormonal factors are clearly related to risk. It is reported that one in 22 women in India is likely to suffer from breast cancer during her lifetime. The medical records of 300 patients treated at the Mahavir Cancer Institute and research Centre for breast cancer between 2005 and 2008 with perspective age of marriage and menstrual status were reviewed. In present study we can observe that breast cancer cases were more found in pre menopausal women i.e.: 55% than post menopausal women i.e.: 45%. Mean age of marriage is very earlier, which indicate that early marriage may be a causative factor for breast cancer. Thus it is concluded that early age marriage is risk factor for breast cancer as well as pre menopausal women are at higher risk for breast cancer.

The combination of cystitis and emphysematous pyelonephritis is a serious but rare, the prognosis is related to renal damage. CT is the gold standard that allows the diagnosis and establishes a radiological classification with prognostic value. The therapeutic approach is based on The Early antibiotic treatment is systematic. Percutaneous drainage is the first step therapy in most cases,but should not delay a possible rescue nephrectomy. We report a case of emphysematous pyelonephritis associated with emphysematous cystitis in a 26 year old woman. Early diagnosis allowed conservative treatment with appropriate antibiotic therapy and urinary drainage catheter. The outcome was favorable.