Physiology and Anatomy

Health facilities can be sources of bio-hazards to healthcare personnel (HCP). Personal protective equipments (PPE) are among the key preventive control measures. The main objective of this research was to determine the efficacy of PPE as a safeguard against HBV, HCV, and HIV exposure amongst HCP at Public Primary healthcare facilities in Mombasa County. The study endeavored to assess the range and quality standards of PPEs available, adherence to PPE safety guidelines, and the rates of occupational exposures HIV, HBV, and HCV occupational exposure amongst HCP in these facilities. The research adopted a Descriptive Cross-sectional design by utilizing structured questionnaires and lab assays as data collection tools. A simple random sampling approach was used in selection of the subjects. The subjects included Clinical Officers, Lab Technicians, Nursing, Medical assistants, and Housekeepers. Laboratory assays were conducted to determine the quality standards of the PPE sampled from the facilities against KEBS standards. The findings were analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 23.0 and presented using pie charts, contingency tables, and bar charts. This study ascertained that amongst the PPE, the uptake and compliance to gloves usage was the highest at 93.3%. There was significant association between range of PPE and utilization of available protective gear [X2 (DF= 1, N= 149) = 0.017, p= 0.05]. Quality standard analysis results established that the gloves met the accepted quality levels. 69%were exposed to blood and OPIM, Sharp related injuries were the highest reported mode of exposure at 44.7%, 70.4% of the exposed had access to hands protection [X2 (DF= 1, N= 103) = 0.548, p= 0.05]. PPE are not effective as apparatus but are effective when implemented as a policy whereby adequate supply, quality standards, adherence to usage and guidelines are critical to the success of the program.

Caliceal diverticula stones are rare. Their management is conditioned by the appearance of clinical signs. The treatment gold standard was initially open surgery. With the advent of SWL, PCNL and flexible uretero-renoscopy, treatment has become less and less invasive. Among these techniques, the choice depends on the localization and the size of the diverticula and stones. We report here the case of a patient with a superior caliceal diverticula stones treated by flexibleuretero-renoscopy and laser.

This paper deals with the severity of Conn adenoma and its treatment with laparoscopy

To report two cases of right crossed non-fused renal ectopia diagnosed in male patients about 30 years of age who arrived to emergency Centre’s with symptoms of renal colic. We report two cases of male patients who arrived to an emergency centre complaining of colic lumbar pain. Crossed renal ectopia was finally revealed by means of intravenous urogram after several analytical and imaging examinations. Right crossed non-fused renal ectopia is an uncommon congenital anomaly with a higher incidence in males. It is much more common to find a crossed fused renal ectopia of the orthotopic kidney. In contrast, if there is no fusion it may be located on the lower portion of the normal kidney, which is not the case in this instance. This malformation is not usually accompanied by other congenital anomalies. Most of cases are spontaneously solved and they do not require an intercurrent surgical intervention.

The Democratic Republic of Congo has for thirty years, five operational mobile telephonic companies. No descriptive survey was conducted to assess the real risk for mental health of Call Center workers. The main objective was to contribute to the knowledge of the characteristics of job strain among teleoperators in Kinshasa. Specifics objectives were : 1) to describe the socio-demographical characteristics of Call Center workers ; 2) to identify the job strain among teleoperators ; 3) to measure the relation between job strain and work time within the Call Center ; 4) to measure association between job strain and socio-demographical characteristics. The study was conducted in five Call Center s in Kinshasa, a sample convenience of 110 people was recruited pursuant to individual consent as per the Helsinki Declaration. They were informed of terms of reference regarding their participation and the research objective. Data were collected using standardised Karasek Questionnaire French version validated by the Sumer Inquiry 2003.Spss 20 software was used to analyze data and the khi-square to measure the association between variables. This version evaluates three dimensions: psychological demand, decisional latitude and social support. One hundred and ten people were surveyed averaging 30 years. Most of them were male, university graduates and unmarried. 75.5% of participants presented job strain, 60% have spent six months or more in Call Center s. There was a significant relation between working time within Call Center s and inherent job strain. Six months was a minimum time during which psychological factors negatively impacted teleoperators’ mental health. This study focused on Call Center teleoperators, demonstrated that teleoperators were affected by job strain (high psychological demands and low decisional latitude). The susceptible minimum exposure time to trigger the disease was evaluated at six months or more. Teleoperators were predominantly male, graduated, youngsters and unmarried.

The informal (Juakali) sector in Kenya lack occupational health and safety services and workers unknowingly exposed to health hazards. Worldwide, occupational noise is a significant cause of adult onset-hearing loss and 16% of disabling hearing loss in adults. . The aim of the study was to identify the health effects of noise to the Juakali artisans in King'orani area by identifying key sources of noise, assessing hearing threshold levels, examining auditory health effects of noise and the prevalence of noise induced hearing loss. This was through administration of a structured questionnaire, noise level measurements, and pure tone eudiometry to stratified, randomly selected subjects. Data was coded cleaned and analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. Out of 124 participants involved in the study, prevalence of NIHL was 59.7% with 31.5% having mild, 18.5% moderate, and 5.7% had severe, and 4% had profound impairments. The level of impairment increased with the duration and level of exposure to noise above 90 dB. Those involved in operation of pneumatic tools were the most affected compared to those involved in other activities as food vendors and hawkers. Exposure level and duration was greatly associated with auditory effects such as Tinnitus, headache, poor concentration, and sleep disorders. In conclusion NIHL, headaches, tinnitus, poor concentration and sleep disturbances are related to prolonged exposure to high level of noise above 90dB with a positive correlation coefficient of 0.248 at p<0.05. Therefore, review of OSHA 2007 to effectively regulate the informal sector, awareness campaign on effects of noise exposure, establishment of Hearing monitoring canters, special subsidies and provision of PPEs will be able to arrest the otherwise forgotten irreversible disability causing Hazard the Juakali artisans are exposed to.

Most of the brain disorders are diagnosed by analyzing the EEG signals. In this paper an efficient approach for detecting the presence of epileptic seizures in EEG signals using fuzzy KNN classifier is presented. Epilepsy is a disease due to temporary alternation in brain functions due to abnormal electrical activity of a group of brain cells and is termed as seizure. The analysis is performed in three stages. In the first step the biorthogonal Discrete wavelet transform is used for decompose the EEG signal into delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma subbands. In the second step the statistical features are extracted from each subband and finally classification of the EEG signal that is epileptic seizure exists or not has been done using fuzzy KNN clasifier. This method is applied for two different groups of EEG signals: 1) healthy (Normal) EEG dataset; 2) epileptic dataset during a seizure interval .The experimental results show that the proposed method efficiently detects the presence of epileptic seizure in EEG signals and also showed a reasonable accuracy in detection.

The placement of a patient undergoing chronical hemodialysis needs a double blood access[1]. This could be perment (arteriovenous fistula, vascular prothesis) or non permanent (short term catheter, long term catheter…)We have thus led a survey whose objective is to identify the survival factors and risk complicated ones especially for aged people.The multicenter study was conducted in December 2013 in six hemodialysis centers in the Oriental region. 102 patients have been under observation. The incidence of aged people in comparison with the whole hemodialysed people was 24%.The average age was 72+5.5 years. The sex ratio male/female was 1.04. 83% had a maintained physical autonomy. Only 14.7% of our patients had health insurance: a weak rate in comparison with the national average. High blood pressure and diabetes were the underlying etiologies behind dialysis.31% of nephropathies were of unknown origin. Toxic habits, tuberculosis, embolic stroke constituted the most antecedents in our patients. Renal failure was found uncontrolled in 55.9% of our observed patients and consequently urgent intervention was recommended for 54.9%.Half of our patients benefited from 2 dialysis sessions per week.The other half underwent three sessions a week. Renal failure was associated to a positive hepatitis C serology in 6.9% of our patients and only 1% had hepatitis B serology.85% of our patients had anemia among whom 56.9% were under erythropoietine EPO. 33% of our patients suffred from heart disease. The average number of vascular approaches was 1.5 and 59.9% were held the team of vascular surgery in Oujda. The catheters were the most used as a first vascular access (55.9%) , then came arteriovenous fistula for 44.1% of our patients.33.9% of the patients benefited from a second vascular approach that was for 85% of arteriovenous fistula, whereas, the remaining 15% used catheters. Only 17 patients benefited from a third vascular approach, thas is say 16%, most of whom were arteriovenous fistula. That is say. A fourth vascular approach was held for 4 patients having exclusively arteriovenous fistula.31.4 % of patients reported complications: Dysfunction was the most frequent immediate complication (5.9%), followed by thrombosis (3.9%), then comes hemorrhage (2.9%). Aneurysm was the most frequent tardive complication (13.7%) followed by dysfunction found in 5.9%. Thrombosis was found only in 2.9% of patients. Finaly, only one patient had infection of the vascular approach. On the basis of this one targetted research, we have come to notice that : Age, dialysis term, number of sessions per week, viral status B/C are predictive factors of complications for aged people.The optimal dialysis treatment at this age, not only involves nephrologists but also recommends a convenient surgical access.

A ureteric bud anomalies occurrence in the world’s population is very common. One in every thousands babies born usually have some form of ureteric bud congenital anomaly. However these congenital anomalies can vary from individual to individual due to science stating that during embryological development, the ureteric bud is responsible for the collecting system, which includes the major and minor calyces of the kidney, the ureter and the bladder. Congenital anomalies can vary to the abnormal development in any of these stated parts. A ureteric bud anomalies occurrence in the world’s population is very common. One in every thousands babies born usually have some form of ureteric bud congenital anomaly. However these congenital anomalies can vary from individual to individual due to science stating that during embryological development, the ureteric bud is responsible for the collecting system, which includes the major and minor calyces of the kidney, the ureter and the bladder. Congenital anomalies can vary to the abnormal development in any of these stated parts.

We report a case of a complete testicular epididymal dissociation discovered during surgery for cryptorchidism. The epididymis was found in the scrotum and the testis in the inguinal canal. This malformation is very rare, it has been reported sporadically, the incidence in patients with cryptorchidism may be higher. Epididymal anomalies seem to play an important role in the emergence of fertility disorders.