Applied Chemistry

Algerian oil as a new source of carbon is used to prepare the carbon nanospheres (CNSs) by pyrolysis method. A mixture of crude oil and FeCl3.6H2O solution as catalyst was injected into the reaction furnace to produce CNSs in an inert atmosphere, followed by multi step purification to remove different impurities. The carbon nanospheres have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-rays spectroscopy (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and FTIRspectrum. The SEM image reveals that these CNSs have smooth surfaces and uniform particles with a diameter lower than 500 nm. the XRD and Raman studies shows that the graphitization degree of CNSs is not high , while the EDAX analysis shows that more than 98 % of the CNSs is carbon, FTIR proved the presence of new functions after samples treatment such as acid function. This study reports the optimization of various process parameters such as, temperature of reaction (860-940°C), process Time (90-150min)and mass ratio catalyst/Crude oil (0.83 10-3-2.4810-3 g/g) for increasing the Yield of CNSs. A MODDE 6.0 experimental design was employed for the optimization of synthesis of crude oil to ensure high production of carbon nanospheres in a low catalyst concentration and high temperature for a short length of time. The analysis of variance showed a high coefficient of determination value (R2 = 0.965) and Maximum CNSs production was predicted and experimentally validated, the optimized process conditions were identified to be reaction temperature of 900°C, duration synthesis of 113min and mass ratio catalyst /crude oil of 0.8 10-3 g/g with a yield of 13.23 %.

The objective of this work is to study the efficiency of some surface modified phyllosilicate minerals (bentonite and glauconite) in the removal of dyes from textile waste water. It is found that complete dye removal was achieved by using (10-25) g modified glauconite from solutions having a dye concentration of 10-50 mg/L. Adsorption data were modeled using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. Adsorption capacities and optimum adsorption isotherms were predicted by linear regression method. The analysis of experimental isotherms showed that Langmuir isotherm reasonably fit the experimental data in the studied concentration range for the adsorption of dye onto glauconite mineral surface where Freundlich isotherm fit the experimental data for the adsorption of dye onto bentonite mineral surface.

To understand complexation behavior of antibiotics, such streptomycin, tetracycline and oxime with studied oxovanadium coordination to novel ligands by various spectroscopic techniques. The crystal system, lattice parameters, unit cell, particle size and volume have been determined by X-ray powder diffraction data. The geometries of the complexes have been optimized on the basis of molecular modeling. Spectroscopic data indicates deprotonation & coordination of the secondary alcoholic OH and NH₂groups with oxovanadium. Mass spectrum explains the successive degradation of the molecular species in solution and justifies ML complexes. The crystal data: complex I is monoclinic crystal system space group P_21/M, a =14.4998(A),b =5.9531(A),c=4.4909(A),? =90.00°,? =96.29°,? = 90.00° , V = 385.44A³; complex II is tetragonal crystal system, space group P_4/mm, a=12.6313(A),b =12.6313(A),c=6.3494(A)? = 90.00° ?=90.00 °  ?=90.00° V =1013.06 A³. Molecular structures of the complexes have been optimized by MM2 calculations and supported octahedral arrangements in both complexes.

The present investigation aims to study and characterize the dyeing performance of cotton fabrics finished with finishing bath formulation containing emulsion lattices based on acrylate monomers, chitosan and polyethylene glycol (PEG) with improvement of dyeing properties with acid and reactive dyes.The finished cotton samples are examined and evaluated through measuring nitrogen content and the Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR). Evidences of finishing were obtained by IR from the appearance of CO bands absorbance and the reducing of relative intensity of OH, with respect to cotton. The dyeing performance of the finished cotton fabrics includedng testing of ; dye-ability(k/s), percentage dye fixation , colour parameters(L*,a*,b* and colour difference(?E) and estimated light fastness grades with respect to the different used chitosan concentration in the finishing bath formulation.The work involved also studying the effect of different dyeing times on all of the last stated parameters.The obtained results showed that dye-uptake increased by increasing chitosan concentration in the finishing bath , the applied reactive dye showed the highest percentage increase in both dye-ability and percentage dye fixation .In addition the estimated light fastness reating values of all of the examined fabrics where these rating grade values increased by increasing both chitosan concentration in the finishing agent and dyeing time .In addition , the applied acid dye recorded the highest light fastness values reaching (4-5) for(3gm) chitosan after one hour dyeing compared to a rating value of (3)for blank fabrics assessed on standard gray scale.

N- Maleilated chitosan was synthesized by reaction of chitosan with maleic anhydride (MA) in N, N-dimethyl formamide. N-Maleilated chitosan – g – (methyl methacrylate) co-polymer was prepared via free radical polymerization using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as the initiator. The effect of polymerization variables including initiator concentration, monomer concentration and reaction temperature on grafting percentage were studied. It was found that the grafting yield and grafting efficiency were increased with increasing the polymerization variables and then decreased. The grafting was maximum at 1.6g of initiator (CAN), 2g of the monomer (Methyl methacrylate) at 70⁰c. The co-polymer obtained was confirmed by FTIR, XRD, TGA, DSC analysis. This graft co-polymer was used as an adsorbent in dye effluent treatment. It was more efficient than parent chitosan. Equilibrium sorption experiments were carried out. The experimental data was successfully fitted to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

As a result of one-pot three-component reaction of ketoaziridines with two aromatic aldehydes in presence of ammonium acetate 1,3-diazabicylo[3.1.0]hex-3-ene derivatives were achieved. These compounds exhibit good photochromic behavior in solution and crystalline phase. The photochromic behavior of compounds 4(a-e) was investigated using absorption spectral changes.

Nickel (II) mixed chelates of Schiff base derived from salicylaldehyde and aniline with various dithiocarbamate ligands have been characterized by metal analysis, microbial activity, solubility, infrared and electronic spectral measurements. The compounds were generally insoluble in water and soluble in some solvents. The metal analysis gave values close to the expected percentage metal values confirming the coordination of the nickel metal in the complexes. The interpretation of the infrared spectra of the complexes showed that the two uninegative ligands coordinate to the metal ions in their complexes in a bidentate mode, the dithiocarbamate ligands binding through both sulphur atom and the Schiff base through the azomethine nitrogen and phenolic oxygen. The electronic spectra revealed that the nickel complexes are typical of square planar as evidenced by the presence of two d-d absorption bands. The synthesized compounds showed moderate to high antibacterial activity against the test bacteria and can be effective as antibiotics.

A new hydrazone Schiff base consisting of 7-chloro-4-(o-hydroxy benzilidenehydrazo) quinoline, with metal complexes of some divalent metal ions, Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) were investigated Conduct metrically and thermodynamically. We have used molar ratio method to determine the stoichiometric of the formed complexes, The results obtained confirmed the formation of 1:1 and 1:2, M: L complexes. In order to get information about the composition of complexes electrical conductivity were determined. The standard thermodynamic parameters viz. ?G, ?H and ?S, for the proton-ligand and the stepwise metal-ligand complexesluated. Thermodynamic functions were analyzed in terms of the electrostatic (el) and non-electrostatic (cratic, c) components. ?Hc was found to be linearly correlated with the acceptor number of the metal ion (ANM), and ?H el was linearly correlated with the ionic radii of the metal ion. The calculated values for ?Go, ?Ho and ?So concluded that the complexion process processed spontaneously. Spectrophotometric measurements of Co (II), Ni(II) complexes obeyed Beer's law up to certain values, 6.6 x 103, 8.0x103 dm3mol-1cm-1, respectively, indicating that the ligand HL could be used to detect Co(II) and Ni(II) in such concentrations. The study was performed also for Fe (III)-complexes.

The validity of equation-of-state EOS of relevant materials is very important for various researchers in the scientific fields including geophysics, material science and high-pressure physics. In the present work we have calculated pressure , isothermal bulk modulas , first pressure derivative of isothermal bulk modulus and second order pressure derivative of isothermal bulk modulus in terms of for geophysical Olivine mineral, using different equation of state. Using the values of these parameters, we have computed the values of Gruneisen parameter ( ) and the graphs are plotted between V/V0 and Gruneisen parameter corresponding to different values of V/V0 for Olivine. From graph we observe that as V/V0 , goes to infinity. Isothermal bulk modulus increases continuously with increase in pressure. Pressure derivative of isothermal bulk modulus KT i.e. decreases progressively with the increase in pressure and is always negative. The result analysis conclude that the Brennan-Stacey and Shanker EOS is compatible both low and high compression ranges for calculating Gruniesen parameter where as Vinet EOS is not compatible for calculating the Gruniesen parameter at low compression ranges.

Detergents includes some surfactants like LAS (linear alkyl sulphonate), TPBS (Tetra Propylene derived alkyl Benzene Sulphonate), ABS (branched chain alkyl benzene sulphonate) etc. LAS is most widely used anionic detergents and it have biodegradable capacity, while ABS like surfactants are resistant to biodegradability. The present study specially aims to study spectrophotometerically the contamination level of water of river Gomti by the presence of anionic detergents flowing from the heart of Jaunpur city. In the river Gomti direct wastes like municipal garbage, sewage as well as industrial wastes is dumped without treatment. River Gomti is continuously been contaminated by the sewage and other types of wastes. This study revealed that there is gradual increase in the level of anionic detergents as we proceed from January to December along the years of study 2009, 2010 and 2011.