Literature

This study examines a novel written by John Steinbeck and correspondingly its translation into Persian by Soroush Habibi (2009). Gideon Toury’s Acceptability, Adequacy and Cultural Norms (1995) have been applied in this study. The researcher gathered some information about Toury and his theory of “cultural norms”, and also the two types of translation, namely “adequate” and “acceptable” defined by the same scholar. The translated text was analyzed against the original work to determine if it is source-oriented (adequate) or receptor-oriented (acceptable). The impact of the ideology of the translator on adequacy and acceptability in translation has also been considered as the most important case in the study. The findings of the study revealed that Habibi’s translation was acceptable.

This study examines the rhetorical survey structure analysis of George Orwell’s Animal Farm. In this study, definition and historical survey are specified. This study also aims to highlights the consolidation of the gains of the revolution together with the reverses suffered in the execution of the various programmes initiated by the ruling oligarchy.

The paper unveils that conversations among the students were characterized by complex exchange of statement of facts, or ideas which often conveyed via the device of declarative. Also, the participants engaged in requests, commands, exclamations and questions. These clause types convey the speakers’ mood using the modal verbs. Modal verbs were used to assess speakers’ attitude towards their propositions. The data for the paper was gotten from live debates produced by Sri Lankan secondary school students. The speeches were taped and transcribed into written variants so as to analyze it. English modals are so complex as they posed difficulty in their comprehension especially to English as a second/foreign language speakers. The polyfunctionality of modal markers seemed to be motivated by the Sri Lankan secondary school students’ discourse community norms, conventions, goals and the grammar of English which were strategized by the speakers’ communicative styles. The participants demonstrated their linguistic proficiencies through mechanisms of unassertiveness, and persuasion so as to avoid total commitments to a particular point of view which they expressed. Overwhelmingly, the paper revealed that declarative clause was utilized.

“Psychological Disclosure Through Jung’s Archetypal Images” explores the archetypal images found in the selected animal poems of Ted Hughes, in order to draw the psyche of the creatures in contrast to the human world. The latent archetypal images of the poems are brought to light by making avail of Jung’s archetypal theory and each image is defined to sketch the psyche of the creatures of the poem with comparison to the human world. “Hawk Roosting,” “Thrushes,” “Pike,” Crow’s Nerve Fails,” “Crow’s Fall”, “Crowcolour,” “Crow’s Theology” and “Crowego” are the poems, and hero, trickster, clown and shadow are the archetypal images applied to analyse the selected poems of Hughes in a psychological perspective.

This article aims to review the basic and typical features of Language Poetry and analyse them in a number of the best representative of this particular mode of versification. Language Poetry appeared in the second half of the 20th century and soon found many followers and practitioners who celebrated and commended its emphasis on formal and visual qualities of poetry and regarded linguistic and lexical elements as significant instruments in conveying certain feelings, ideas, or thoughts. The central questions of the present article are: what are the standard characteristics of Language Poetry and what functions do they play in a typical Language poem. To answer the question, first a brief historical and conceptual digest of the term is given and then the various formal and thematic implications of the employed Language Poetry aspects are explored in some of the well-known Language poems including “Poem” and “My/My/My” by Bernstein, “A Substance in a Cushion” by Stein, “Chronic Meanings” by Perelman, “the nose of kim darby's double” and “NON” by Ron Silliman, “A Song of Degrees” by Zukofsky, and “Fleecing” by James Sherry. The present research argues that all of these poems are clearly theme-based as much as they are clearly form-based. In other words, Language Poetry is not simply and merely about the semantic load or potentials or the visual effect of the selected/arranged words, which may seem nonsensical, since meaning and content – or even the didactic message – is almost always a very important aspect of Language Poetry. Key Words: Language Poetry, Traditional Poetry, Form, Content, and Poetic Function

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an intermediate textbook titled “Four Corners” from the perspective of students. The evaluation of the textbook was conducted on the basis of ten criteria, the selection and organization of content in the textbook, level of the learners, the physical appearance, the content, the exercises and activities, the vocabulary and grammar, the clarity of instructions, the supporting sources, the development of learner autonomy, and the consideration of learning style differences . This study was conducted at four language institutes in Tonekabon, Mazandaran Province, Iran. Both quantitative and qualitative data were obtained through a questionnaire administered to 180 students and interviews with them. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for each item to describe the overall picture of how the students rated the textbook in terms of ten criteria. Also chi square for each criterion was calculated. Data collected through interviews were transcribed, content analyzed and grouped according to 10 criteria used in this study for the evaluation of the particular textbook. The results revealed that students felt positive about the most of the characteristics of the textbook. They found the textbook effective in terms of coverage of four language skills. However, it was found that the reading passages needed to be simplified in terms of both vocabulary load and structures. Majority of the students mentioned that the level of the textbook was not appropriate for their level. It also indicated that the materials failed to consider learning style preferences of the learner. On the other hand, one of the strengths of the textbook was the artwork’s being up-to date and helpful for the students to understand the lesson. Besides, it was mentioned that the activities and exercises in the textbook appeal to their interest. Furthermore, all the students indicated that the textbook could provide them with the opportunities to be aware of their weaknesses and strengths.

Nostalgia technically refers to human feeling of missing the past and those things she has lost. Different factors contribute to this feeling, including the human's social and political situation and, in general, hisher life situation. This nostalgic feeling, in itself, manifests in different forms, such as missing the past, extreme tendency to return to homeland, the recourse to childhood and its regretful reminisce, myth, archaism, visualization of utopia. One of the important causes of human feeling of missing is dissatisfaction with the situation in which she lives, and this itself is the crucial and fundamental cause of visualization of utopia in human mind. In this article, the researchers have discussed the relationship between utopia and Nostalgia from the perspectives of the world's best thinkers and scientists.

This study presents a comparison of the themes associated with the phenomena of birth and death in Pakistani and British English fictions i.e. PEF and BEF in the vast framework of several varieties of Englishes around the world. As culture of Pakistan differs entirely from that of Britain, so are the themes which are associated with birth and death in their fictions. Different words have different associative meaning in different societies (e.g. meaning and usage of ‘dear’ or ‘clever’ is quite different in Pakistan and in England. Truly representative corpus of English fiction, comprising various genres from both the varieties of English has been analyzed and processed through AntConc 3.2.2w (windows) 2008. The study has investigated PEF as well as BEF thoroughly on the basis of Dixon’s Semantic approach to English grammar (2005) and elaborated that the adjectives used with birth and death in both fictions are entirely different besides the universally common psychological incidents of birth and death in all human beings. The study reveals that the rituals and customs associated with birth and death are entirely different in BEF and PEF. It establishes that Pakistani variety of English uses entirely distinctive linguistic norms as compared to British variety of English.

The aim of the present article is to investigate the notion of ambivalent identity in Wole Soyinka’s 1960 play, A Dance of the Forests. The central question of the study is: how does the main character behave when he is confronted with a different culture? To answer the question, the research does a postcolonial reading of Soyinka’s A Dance of the Forests. First, an introduction to postcolonialism, Soyinka’s literary career, various views on the ambivalent identity and a summary of the play are presented, and then the concept of ambivalent identity is explored in Demoke’s conduct. The research reveals that Demoke expresses definite ambivalence throughout the play. The article concludes that Demoke feels connected to the past and present, good and evil, creation and destruction at the same time.

This paper aims to analyse the autobiographical elements in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird which brings out the similarities in the life of the novelist Harper Lee and that of the protagonist, Scout. They both tend to share some coincidental situations in their lives wherein they seek answers to the questions which were asked by themselves and by others (public). Even though they were discriminated by their gender, they never listened to the public.