Pharmacy

Gastric ulceration is a common adverse effect of many medications. Bisphosphonates (BPs) that is used for osteoporosis, is associated with peptic ulcer manifested -in its severe state- in hemorrhage and perforation. Methyl sulfonyl methane (MSM) which is used for osteoarthritis was used to prevent BPs ulceration. Our objective was to study the effect of MSM on preventing peptic ulcer induced by Alendronate (ALN) in rats. The experiments had been done on eight white Wister rats for each group. The gastric ulcer has been induced by administration of Alendronate (20mg/kg/day) by gavage for 4 days. MSM (400mg/kg/day) has been given for the protective group for 4 days before administration of Alendronate. The gastric ulcers in rats' stomachs were examined histologically and microscopically. The ulcer index and protective index were measured, and then the statistical analyses were carried out. The results showed that the Administration of MSM before Alendronate inducing ulcer led to a reduction in ulcer index and showed significant difference comparing with morbidity group. The conclusion was that MSM (400 mg/kg/day) has a protective effect of peptic ulcer induced by alendronate.

The COVID-19 pandemic has shown an impact on sexually transmitted infections. The research aims to understand an overview of CDC's STI surveillance data for 2020 that can provide a general understanding and a comprehensive review of patternsofChlamydia and Gonorrhea infections among men and women.The study conducted an in-depth qualitative research analysis of the CDC's STI surveillance data for 2020. The studyanalyzes particular research questions.What is the difference between reported cases of Chlamydia and Gonorrhea among men and women? How does sexual orientation affect reported cases of Chlamydia and Gonorrhea? What demographics are associated with Chlamydia and Gonorrhea cases? The research analyzes the number of cases of Chlamydi and Gonorrheain fections among men and women, includingsexualorientation, age, ethnicity, and reported cases in healthcare centers.The results of the CDC's STI surveillance data of 2020 have determined that men have a higher number of cases in both infections, and MSM have a higher number of cases in the sexual orientation category. The result differed based on ethnicity, in which females had a significant increase in chlamydia cases compared to men while men had an increased number of gonorrhea cases. African American men and women have shown the greatest number of cases. Non-Hispanic/Pacific Islanders men have a higher number of chlamydia cases compared to women. Overall, the transmission of gonorrhea is higher in men, while chlamydia is seen most in women.Sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhea and chlamydia may present with unseen consequences. Gender, age, and ethnicity play a vital role in our society in improving health conditions. Limitations may occur within the study. The results may show biases based on the lack of data submission due to restrictions. The inconsistency of recording data could occur based on social distancing guidelines, quarantining, and lack of resources available during the pandemic and guidelines that significantly affect the public. Public health officials utilize the data to determine high prevalence areas to improve policies and guidelines that significantly affect the public.

Sleep in all periods is a biological need for all living things. This study was planned to examine the insomnia levels and health anxiety of the students during the Covid-19 pandemic period. The research is a descriptive study. The universe of the study consisted of 800 students studying at Dokuz Eylül University Vocational School of Health Services in the spring semester of the 2019-2020 academic year. When evaluating the study data, descriptive findings were expressed as percentage, mean, standard deviation and median. 67.0% of the students are between the ages of 18-20, 28.1% are between the ages of 21-23 and 4.9% are between the ages of 24 and above. The 73.6% of the students are females and 26.4% are males. While total insomnia mean score of the students is 15.0 ± 5.4, the mean score for health anxiety is 19.6 ± 11.2.A moderate, positive, statistically significant difference was found between the insomnia level of the students and their health anxiety (r=.570; p=.000<.001). As a result, it has been determined that the health technician students have experienced moderate insomnia and high levels of anxiety during the COVID 19 pandemic. In addition, there is a significant relationship between insomnia and health anxiety. It has been found that as the level of insomnia increases, health anxiety also increases.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused lots of crises, losses, and damages to the people's livelihoods. Undoubtedly, vaccination is the most essential and urgent solution but this solely may not resolve the issue in long term. Since the uneven and partial distribution of approved vaccines further complicates the issue. Besides, none of the present vaccines confer cent percent immunity. Furthermore, there are concerns about the longevity and efficacy of these vaccines as the new variants may evade current vaccines. Moreover, there is a minority of people with allergic reactions to these vaccines, and the side effects of the present vaccines in the long term are not yet known. Indeed, a multilateral approach is required to manage this pandemic. The COVID-19 is primarily a respiratory disease. The establishment of reliable procedures for regular disinfection of the respiratory system may help restrain the pandemic. In this proposal piece, a condensed description of traditional approaches to respiratory infectious illnesses is provided. These may inspire the development of preventive packages to protect people fairly against this contagious disease.

The aim of the present study was to improve the solubility and bioavailability of a poorly water-soluble drug in human body, using a solid dispersion technique. Solubility and dissolution rate is an important physicochemical factor affecting absorption of drug and its therapeutic effectiveness. Consequences of poor aqueous solubility would lead to failure in formulation development. The poor solubility of drug substances in water and their low dissolution rate in aqueous G.I.T fluid often leads to insufficient bioavailability. In the present investigation, an attempt was made to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of a poorly soluble drug, Eprosartan by solid dispersion method using skimmed milk powder as carrier. Four different formulations were prepared with varying drug:carrier ratios viz.1:1, 1:3, 1:5 and 1:9 and the corresponding physical mixtures were also prepared. The formulations were characterized for solubility parameters, drug release studies and drug-polymer interactions by using phase solubility studies, dissolution studies; XRD analysis, FTIR spectrum, TLC analysis and UV overlay spectra. All the formulations showed marked improvement in the solubility behaviour and improved drug release. Formulation containing drug: polymer ratio of 1:9 showed the best release with a cumulative release of 82.67 % as compared to 6.919 % for the pure drug. The interaction studies showed no interaction between the drug and the carrier. It was concluded that skimmed milk powder as a carrier can be very well utilized to improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs.

The aim of the present study was to design and develop a self microemulsion drug delivery system (SMEDD) of Atorvastatin Calcium and evaluate its release kinetics by using mathematical models. Suitable oil, surfactant and cosurfactant were selected based on the solubility, HLB value and biocompatibility. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify the microemulsion existing zone and to get a tentative surfactant to cosurfactant ratio. Atorvastatin Calcium loaded SMEDD was developed and characterized for particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology, drug entrapment and comparative in vitro drug release study. Different dissolution models were applied to drug release data in order to evaluate release mechanisms and kinetics and the criterion for selecting the most appropriate model was based on linearity (coefficient of correlation). % Transmittance, Particle size and zeta potential of the formulation containing Labrafac PG as oil, Accenon CC as surfactant and Transcutol P as cosurfactant were found to be 99.87%±1.2, 31.82 nm± 1.15 and -15.8 mV± 1.13 respectively. The drug release data fit well to Koresmayer Peppas equation plot (r2 =0.981) indicating the dissolution rate limited drug release from a SMEDD formulation. Drug release mechanism was found as a Super case-II transport, (i.e., n value-1.229).

The present study assessed the effect of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding prevention and management of postnatal breast problems among antenatal mothers who were attending antenatal OPDs of selected hospitals of kerala,India to evaluate effect of structured teaching programme and to find association between the knowledge and selected demographic variables. The findings of study concluded that structured teaching programme improved knowledge regarding postnatal breast problems among antenatal mothers.

Glibenclamide, a sulfonylurea derivative is widely used as hypoglycaemic agent. Glibenclamide is a highly permeable class II drug. Hence, rate of oral absorption is often controlled by the dissolution rate in the gastrointestinal (GI)tract. Therefore, the Liquisolid compact of Glibenclamide has been prepared for the enhancement of dissolution of Glibenclamide. Neusilin US2 was selected as carrier material and Aerosil 200 was selected as coating material. A Central composite factorial design was applied to optimize the drug release profile systematically. The amounts of drug (%) in PEG 400 (X1) and Excipient ratio, R (X2) were selected as independent variables. Angle of repose (Y1), Hardness (Y2) and CPR at 10 min (Y3) were seleced as dependent variables. All the batches of Liquisolid compacts showed significance improvement in dissolution of Glibenclamide. Various dissolution parameters like DP10min, %DE10min and MDT of optimized batch and direct conventional tablet were compared. DSC and XRD analysis of pure Glibenclamide, physical mixture and final formulation indicated that the drug was solubilized in non-volatile vehicle and solubilization of Glibenclamide was the main cause of enhancement of solubility of Glibenclamide. Storage of the prepared formulations at 45°C for one month showed no any chemical incompatibility. It was concluded that, Liquisolid compact technique can be a simple and effective to enhance the dissolution of poorly water soluble drug.

Nanocomposite which is a multiphase solid material such as particle layers or fibers containing at least one phase in nanoscale, have been extensively accepted as a new arena as well as an unique delivery system in pharmaceutical research. Several application of above mentioned system like polymeric nanocomposite, nano-fibers composite and iron oxide nanoparticle composite with their respective delivery system and characterization are discussed in this review article. Moreover, nanocomposite is now introduced in cancer therapy in order to provide better therapy with minimal toxicity.

Bacterial antagonism is a phenomenon in which the growth and activity of other bacteria is inhibited. In general microorganisms produce secondary metabolites which are not as essential for the survival of the organism. The organism produces an inhibitory product may be an antibiotic which doesn’t allow the growth of other organisms. In this present study the bacteria are isolated from the gut of short horned grasshoppers and screened for antagonistic activity. A mixed population of bacteria was observed in the respective agar plates and was identified as Pseudomonas sp, Bacillus sp, Micrococcus and Escherichia coli. To test for antagonistic effect the gut isolated bacteria were tested against four human pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahameolyticus and one yeast like fungus Candida albicans. It was observed that gut associated Pseudomonas sp had antagonistic activity against yeast like fungus Candida albicans and Escherichia coli. The most potent strain was subjected for 16srRNA gene sequencing in order to identify the antagonistic bacteria. The 16srRNA partial sequences have been run in the Bioinformatics tool, (BLAST) Basic Local Alignment search tool to find out the most similar sequences which matches with our strain. Phylogenetic tree has been constructed and our strain matches with Pseudomonas otitids which has (99.1%) similarity.