Educational Technology

Corrective Feedback was been extensively debated in the ESL/EFL writing. Both focused and unfocused corrective feedbacks seem to have a positive effect in ESL/EFL writing. The present study examined focused and unfocused corrective feedback for the target form of articles for elementary group as anaphoric reference in written narrative of Iranian EFL learners. 60 participants were selected via the Oxford Placement Test and were assigned to two elementary and advance groups. Then members of each group were randomly divided to subgroups. One subgroup received focused feedback and another half received unfocused feedback. In other words, the focused group received feedback in the form of the correction of articles while the unfocused group received correction of articles error alongside correction of other errors. The participants were given a narrative writing with some pictures and key terms and after reading them, the narrative writing, but not the pictures, was taken away and they were asked to rewrite the narrative in their own words. This task was conducted three times, as a pretest, a post-test and a delayed post-test. This study attempted to examine whether different kinds of corrective feedback does have any effect on learning of articles for elementary level.An in-group paired sampled t-test was calculated between the scores obtained in the pre-test, the post-test, and the delayed post-test.A close examination of the results the data showed that focused corrective feedback was more efficient and significant. The findings are consistent with other studies conducted under similar circumstances.

Load balancing using clustering can increase network scalability. This paper attempting to apply efficient techniques of load, energy and security such that network life can be increased with security and also its reliability. Continuous aggregation is required in sensor applications to obtain the temporal variation information of aggregates. It helps the users to understand how the environment changes over time and track real time measurements for trend analysis. Existing secure aggregation schemes conduct one individual verification for each aggregation result. Due to the high frequency and the long period of a continuous aggregation in every epoch, the false temporal variation pattern would incur a great communication cost. In this paper, we propose a clustering technique which will balance the load among the cluster by using some backup nodes. The backup high energy and high processing power nodes replace the cluster head after the cluster reaches to its threshold limit. This approach will increase the network lifetime and will provide high throughput and in the continuous aggregation, the attacker could manipulate a series of aggregation results through compromised nodes to fabricate false temporal variation patterns of the aggregates .We detect and verify a false temporal variations pattern by checking only a small part of aggregation results to reduces a verification cost. A sampling based approach is used to check the aggregation results and we also proposed a security mechanisms to protect the sampling process.

Since the beginning of recorded history, men have always emphasized gender differences. The sexes differ visibly in some physical characteristics. In traditional society, work/role ascription was highly affected by physical, sex differences. Males did the hunting and fighting while the women did work which could be combined with baby-care-work which was receptive, interruptible and calling for no great physical strength. This had the effect of assigning most of the adventurous and exciting work to men and most of the drudgery to women. This paper seeks to examine the connection between Gender and educational development in the society at large, including Nigeria, x-raying specifically, how Gender inequality in the world affects the educational development of a society especially, Nigeria.

Research has found that active student engagement in classroom activities can enhance academic achievement, promote retention and application of knowledge. This study investigated the relationship between students’ engagement and facilitation in a student-centred learning environment. The study was conducted at the University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. 307 Vocational Education students formed the population, from where 174 were drawn to form the sample. The results of the study indicated that facilitation is positively related to students’ engagement. It was concluded that facilitative learning environment is positively related to student engagement as quality instruction mediates students’ engagement.

This article makes comprehensive literature review and analysis on various scientific experiments and research about the role of age in foreign language learning. Additionally the introduction and analysis of “Critical Period Hypothesis” and its relevant research in second language acquisition has been presented in order to put forward some scientific implications for foreign language learning and instruciton in the context of China.

Education is a process whereby an individual acquires positive changes in behaviour geared towards contributing positive development top himself and the society in which he lives. It is a necessary weapon that can be used to surmount ignorance, poverty and disease and to produce functional citizens with positive attitudes towards loving what they ought to love and hating what they ought to hate, Enaibe & Imonivwerha (2007:10). This paper focuses, on the importance of education in improving the socio-economic development of individual’s with special reference to the socio-economic development of women (girl child) in the society. Poverty is an offspring of under-development as equal education is the way out of the women’s plight and their contribution to, sustainable socio-economic development. When a girl child is educated the whole family, state and nation is educated. Without education there can be no meaningful development in any nation. Some useful suggestions were made and conclusion drawn that education for sure enhances the socio-economic development of the citizenry.

Development of technology in education brings extended enhancement of pedagogical in teaching and learning of electric & magnet subject. This paper is focused in designing electric & magnet problem solving tool. Flash8 software is used to develop 15 animations related to the electric & magnet topic: Magnetic field. All those animations are then compiled in a sheet of prezi.com presentation software as an animated mind-mapping hypermedia presentation. Result of the complete page can be accessed in Google website if the keywords were entered. Despite the tool also can be downloaded as apps from your iPad, iPhone or android in the Monkey market or in the Android market. This problem solving aids is also recommended for the tutorial, teaching or e-learning purposes. Although the design focused on the electric & magnet topic, it is also applicable to be performed in any other subject area.

The study was designed to identify the principals’ and teachers’ level of utilization of conflict management strategies: integrating, dominating, compromising and avoiding strategies on secondary students’ conflict resolution and their related implications in the internal school administration. Four research questions and four hypotheses addressed the study. The instrument used for the generation of data was the Secondary Students and Conflict Management Strategies Questionnaire (SECONSQ). A sample of 7 principals and 147 teachers were randomly selected from a target population of 14 principals and 294 teachers in Government Junior Secondary Schools in Port Harcourt Local Government Area of Rivers State. Tables were constructed, frequency counts, percentage and means computed to provide answers to the research questions. The results revealed that the principals uses the integrating and compromising strategies more frequently than the teachers;the teachers level in the use of avoiding strategies is higher than that of the principals, and teachers tends to overlook to a large extent the use of dominating strategies in the management of students’ conflict. Based on these findings the paper concluded that school managers are beginning to understand the legal implications associated in their administrative duties bordering on students’ management. It was thus recommended that, relevant institutional frameworks should be appropriately put in place to enable the principals and teachers further appreciate the emerging ideas and innovations concerning students’ conflicts management in schools. Key words: Principal, Teacher, Conflict, Conflict resolution, Conflict management, Conflict strategy.

The aim of the present study, the feasibility of application of e-books education in high schools, professionals and high school teachers, Kermanshah is. This study was descriptive survey population, the experts and teachers in secondary schools Kermanshah, comprise a total of 160 people, using simple random sampling, and refer to the Table of farmers and Morgan, were selected. Measuring instrument variables, a questionnaire of 20 questions is included. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics (t single sample, and absolute t ), using the software 20SPSS, was used. The findings indicate that, out of high school teachers Viewpoint, Kermanshah province, the deployment of e-books, as a supplement to existing textbooks, 4/24 percent, so the use of it, as an alternative to current books, ineffective, and the results showed that the experts and teachers in secondary schools, the main obstacles to the adoption of electronic books, technical and cultural infrastructures, and lack of preparation, students know.

This article reviews the notion and characteristics of constructivism as a learning theory and its contribution to education in general and teachers and students roles in learning environments. In addition, it examines how constructivism has influenced the relationship between ICT and education.